Difference between revisions 18935464 and 19283450 on enwiktionary

This is a [[semasiological]] index of Proto-Indo-European nominal stems. See [[Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots]] for an alphabetical list of roots.

===Kinship===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|mánus|lang=ine-pro}} || [[person]]|| Sanskrit {{term|मनु||tr=manu|lang=sa|sc=Deva}}, Avestan Manuščiθra, English mann/[[man]], German man/[[Mann]], Gothic manna, Old Norse maðr, Latin mas, Old Church Slavonic {{term|sc=Cyrl|мѫжь|tr=mǫžĭ|lang=cu}}, Russian {{term|муж|tr=muž|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian žmogus, Kamviri mânša, Polish [[mąż]], Czech muž, Pashto merrë
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₁nḗh₃mn̥|lang=ine-pro}} || [[name]]|| Tocharian ñom/ñem, Latin [[nomen|nōmen]], French [[nom]], Spanish [[nombre]], Umbrian nome, English nama/[[name]], German namo/[[Name]], Old Norse nafn, Gothic namo, Sanskrit nāman, Avestan nąman, Ancient Greek [[όνομα]] (onoma), Old Church Slavonic {{term|sc=Cyrl|имѧ|tr=imę|lang=cu}}, Russian {{term|имя|tr=ímja|lang=ru}}, Albanian emër/êmën, Irish ainm/[[ainm]], Welsh anu/[[enw]], Hittite lāman, Kamviri nom, Persian nāma/nām, Old Armenian {{term|անուն|tr=anun|lang=xcl}}, Polish [[imię]], Old Prussian emnes, Pashto num
|-
| {{termxrecons|wiHrós|lang=ine-pro}} || [[man]]|| Sanskrit vīra, Avestan vīra, Latin [[vir]], Umbrian viru, Lithuanian vyras, Latvian vīrs, Tocharian wir, German wer/[[Werwolf]], Gothic wair, Old Norse verr, English wer/[[werewolf]], Old Prussian wirs, Irish fer/[[fear]], Welsh [[gŵr]], Gaulish uiro-, Albanian burrë, Kurdish miro 
|-
| {{termxrecons|gʷḗn|lang=ine-pro}} || [[woman]]|| Russian {{term|жена|tr=žená|lang=ru}}, Polish [[żona]], Czech žena, Avestan gənā, Ancient Greek [[γυνή]] (gynē), English cwēn/[[queen]], Sanskrit gnā;jani, Old Prussian genno, Old Armenian {{term|կին|tr=kin|lang=xcl}}, Albanian zonjë, Irish ben/[[bean]], Welsh benyw, Kashmiri zanānū', Old Church Slavonic {{term|sc=Cyrl|жєна|tr=žena|lang=cu}}, Gothic qinō, Old Norse kona, German quena/--, Persian /zan, Phrygian knaik, Tocharian śäṁ/śana, Luwian wanatti-, Pashto šëdza/khëdza, Kurdish jin
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂en-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[ancestor]]|| Ancient Greek annis/anōn, Latin anus, Illyr. ana, German ano/ahn, Lithuanian anyta, Hittite hannas, Old Armenian {{term|հան|tr=han|lang=xcl}}, Russian {{term|внук|tr=vnuk|lang=ru}}, Old Prussian ane, Pashto nikë
|-
| {{termxrecons|ph₂tḗr|lang=ine-pro}} || [[father]]|| Latin [[pater]], French [[père]], Spanish [[padre]] Oscan patír, Umbrian pater, Ancient Greek [[πατήρ]] (patēr), Tocharian pācar/pācer, Gaulish ātir, Sanskrit pitṛ, German fater/[[Vater]], Irish athir/athair, English fæder/[[father]], Welsh gwaladr, Kashmiri petū'r, Persian pitā/pedar, Ossetian fyd/, Old Norse faðir, Gothic faðar, Gaulish Ateronius, Pashto plaar
|-
| {{termxrecons|méh₂tēr|lang=ine-pro}} || [[mother]]|| Old Armenian {{term|մայր|tr=mayr|lang=xcl}}, Albanian ama, Lithuanian moteris, Latvian māte, Old Prussian mūti, Gaulish mātir, Irish máthir/[[máthair]], Kashmiri mā.j, Latin [[mater|māter]], French [[mère]], Spanish [[madre]], Oscan maatreís, Umbrian matrer, Ancient Greek [[μήτηρ]] (mētēr)), Russian {{term|мать|tr=mat’|lang=ru}}, Sanskrit mātṛ, Avestan mātar, Tocharian mācar/mācer, German muoter/[[Mutter]], English mōdor/[[mother]], Welsh [[modryb]], Kamviri motr, Old Norse móðir, Persian /mādar, Phrygian mater, Ossetian mad/madæ, Polish [[matka]], Czech [[matka]], Old Church Slavonic {{term|sc=Cyrl|мати|tr=mati|lang=cu}}, Serb. mater/majka/mati, Pashto mor
|-
| {{termxrecons|bʰréh₂tēr|lang=ine-pro}} || [[brother]]|| Old Armenian {{term|եղբայր|tr=ełbayr|lang=xcl}}, English brōþor/[[brother]], Kashmiri boy, Latin [[frater|frāter]], French [[frère]], Umbrian fratrom, Ancient Greek phrātēr, Tocharian pracar/procer, Kamviri bṛo, Russian {{term|брат|tr=brat|lang=ru}}, German bruoder/[[Bruder]], Welsh [[brawd]], Sanskrit bhrātṛ, Irish bráthir/[[bráthair]], Lithuanian brolis, Latvian brālis, Gaulish brātir, Persian brātar/barādar, Phrygian brater, Illyr. bra, Gothic brōþar, Old Norse bróðir, Old Prussian brāti, Old Church Slavonic {{term|sc=Cyrl|братръ|tr=bratrŭ|lang=cu}}, Ossetian ærvad/, Avestan brātar, Oscan fratrúm, Polish [[brat]], Czech bratr, Kurdish bira, Venetic vhraterei, Lydian brafr-, Pashto wror
|-
| {{termxrecons|swésōr|lang=ine-pro}} || [[sister]]|| Albanian motër, English sweostor/[[sister]], German swester/[[Schwester]], Sanskrit svasṛ, Old Church Slavonic {{term|sc=Cyrl|сєстра|tr=sestra|lang=cu}}, Russian {{term|сестра|tr=sestrá|lang=ru}}, Polish siostra, Czech sestra, Latin [[soror]], French [[sœur]], Kamviri sus, Irish siur/[[siur]], Old Armenian {{term|քոյր|tr=kʿoyr|lang=xcl}}, Tocharian ṣar/ṣer, Ancient Greek eor/--, Welsh chwaer, Gaulish suiior, Old Norse systir, Gothic swistar, Avestan xvaṅhar, Lithuanian sesuo, Old Prussian swestro, Persian /xāhar, Pashto khor, Kurdish xwişk 
|-
| {{termxrecons|suHnús|lang=ine-pro}} || [[son]]|| Sanskrit sūnu, Avestan hunu, Lithuanian sūnus, Old Prussian sūnus, soūns, English sunu/[[son]], German sunu/[[Sohn]], Gothic sunus, Old Norse sonr, Old Church Slavonic {{term|sc=Cyrl|сꙑнъ|tr=synŭ|lang=cu}}, Russian {{term|сын|tr=syn|lang=ru}}, Polish [[syn]], Czech [[syn]], Ancient Greek nios, Tocharian se/soṃśke, Irish suth/suth, Thracian sukis, Pashto zoy
|-
| {{termxrecons|dʰugh₂tḗr|lang=ine-pro}} || [[daughter]]|| Sanskrit duhitṛ, Ancient Greek thugatēr, Tocharian ckācar/tkācer, English dohtor/daughter, Russian {{term|дочь|tr=doč’|lang=ru}}, Old Armenian {{term|դուստր|tr=dustr|lang=xcl}}, German tohter/Tochter, Kamviri jü, Gaulish duxtīr, Persian /doxtar, Lithuanian duktė, Old Prussian duckti, Old Church Slavonic {{term|sc=Cyrl|дъщи|tr=dŭšti|lang=cu}}, Old Norse dóttir, Gothic daúhtar, Avestan duydar, Luwian tuwatar, duttariyata, Hittite duttariyatiyaš, Pashto lur 
|-
| {{termxrecons|daywer-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[husband]][['s]] [[brother]]|| Sanskrit devar, Russian {{term|деверь|tr=déver’|lang=ru}}, Polish dziewierz, Lithuanian dieveris, Latvian dieveris, Latin lēvir, German zeihhur/--, English tācor/--, Ancient Greek dāēr/, Old Armenian {{term|տայգր|tr=taygr|lang=xcl}}, Old Church Slavonic dĕverĭ, Serb. dever, Pashto lewar
|-
| {{termxrecons|sweḱruH|lang=ine-pro}} || [[father]]-/[[mother-in-law]]|| Russian {{term|свекровь|tr=svekróv’|lang=ru}}, Sanskrit śvaśura;śvaśrū, Lithuanian šešuras, German swigur/Schwäher, Welsh chwegr, Old Armenian {{term|սկեսուր|tr=skesur|lang=xcl}}, Latin socrus, Spanish [[suegra]], Ancient Greek hekuros, Albanian vjehërr, Kamviri č.uč., English swēor/--, Avestan xvasura-, Polish świekra, Czech švagr({{m}})/švagrová({{f}}), Gothic swaíhrō, Old Norse svǽra, Serb. svekar({{m}})/svekrva({{f}}), Pashto skhër({{m}}) / khwaašëi/khwaakhëi({{f}})
|-
| {{termxrecons|snúsos|lang=ine-pro}} || [[daughter-in-law]]|| Sanskrit snuṣā, Old Church Slavonic snŭxa, English snoru/--, Latin nurus, Ancient Greek nuos, Old Armenian {{term|նու|tr=nu|lang=xcl}}, Polish snecha, Czech snacha, Russian {{term|сноха|tr=snoxá|lang=ru}},  Albanian nusa, [[Crimean Gothic language|Crimean Gothic]] schuos, Old Norse snor, German snur/Schnur, Serb. snaja/snaha, Pashto nžor/ngor
|-
| {{termxrecons|ǵh₂lōw-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[brother]][['s]] [[wife]]|| Old Church Slavonic zlŭva, Russian {{term|золовка|tr=zolóvka|lang=ru}}, Ancient Greek galōs, Latin glōs, Phrygian gelaros, Polish zełwa, Serbo-Croatian zaova
|-
| {{termxrecons|yenh₂ter-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[brother-in-law]][['s]] [[wife]]|| Latin ianitrīcēs, Ancient Greek einatēr, Lithuanian jentė, Latvian ietere, Russian {{term|ятровь|tr=játrov’|lang=ru}}, Sanskrit yātar, Kamviri iâri, Old Armenian {{term|ներ|tr=ner|lang=xcl}}, Phrygian ianatera, Polish jątrew, Serb. jetrva, Pashto yor
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂ewon-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[grandfather]]/[[mother]][['s]] [[brother]]|| Latin avus ;avunculus, Gaulish avontīr, Ancient Greek aia, Lithuanian avynas, Old Prussian awis, Welsh ewythr, Old Armenian {{term|հաւ|tr=haw|lang=xcl}}, Old Church Slavonic uy, English ēam/--, Irish aue/ó, Gothic awó, German ōheim/Oheim, Russian {{term|уй|tr=uj|lang=ru}}, Polish wuj, Serb. ujak
|-
| {{termxrecons|nepeh₃t-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[grandson]]/[[nephew]]|| Latin nepōs, French [[neveu]], Catalan nebot, Sanskrit napāt, Avestan napāt, Ancient Greek anepsios/, Albanian nip, Russian {{term|нестера|tr=nestera|lang=ru}}, English nefa/neve, Gaulish nei, German nevo/Neffe, Welsh nai, Kamviri nâvo, Persian napā/nave, Lithuanian nepuotis, Irish necht/; níath/, Old Church Slavonic nestera, Polish nieściora, Serb. nećak
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₁widʰéwh₂|lang=ine-pro}} || [[widow]]|| Sanskrit vidhyati, Avestan viðavā, Gothic widuwō, Old Prussian widdewu, Russian {{term|вдова|tr=vdová|lang=ru}}, Latin vidua;dīvidō, French [[veuve]], Spanish [[vidua]], Irish fedb/, German wituwa/Witwe, Welsh gweddw, Polish wdowa, English widuwe/widow, Old Church Slavonic {{term|sc=Cyrl|въдова|tr=vŭdova|lang=cu}}, Persian /bēve(h), Ancient Greek eitheos, Umbrian uef, Lithuanian vidus, Latvian vidus, Serb. udova/udovica, Czech vdova
|-
| {{termxrecons|gʰostis|lang=ine-pro}} || [[stranger]]/[[guest]]|| Russian {{term|гость|tr=gost’|lang=ru}}, Latin hostis, French [[hôte]], German gast/Gast, Gothic gasts, Polish gość, Old Church Slavonic {{term|sc=Cyrl|гость|tr=gostĭ|lang=cu}}, English gæst/guest, Old Norse gestr, Luwian gaši, Serb. gost, Czech host
|}

===Body parts===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|ḱer-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[skull]]|| Latin cerĕbrum, Russian {{term|череп|tr=čérep|lang=ru}}, Old Prussian kerpetis, Ancient Greek kare, Avestan sarah, Sanskrit śiras, Old Armenian {{term|սար|tr=sar|lang=xcl}}, Breton kern, German hirni/Hirn, Old Norse hjarni, Persian /sar, Tocharian /krāñi, Ossetian sær, Albanian krye
|-
| {{termxrecons|kaput-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[head]]|| Sanskrit kapucchala, Latin caput, English heafod/head, German houbit/Haupt, Old Norse haufuð, Gothic haubiþ, Waziri kaparai
|-
| {{termxrecons|pula-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[hair]]|| Sanskrit pula, Irish ulcha/ulcha, Latin pilus, Ancient Greek puligges/, Kurdish por
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₃bʰrúHs|lang=ine-pro}} || [[brow]]|| Sanskrit bhrus, Lithuanian bruvis, Irish bru/bruach, English brū/brow, Russian {{term|бровь|tr=brov’|lang=ru}}, Ancient Macedonian abroutes, Ancient Greek ophrus, German /Braue, Tocharian pärwāṃ/pärwāne, Old Prussian wubri, Polish brew, Old Church Slavonic bruvi, Old Norse brún, Persian /abru, Pashto wridzëi
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₃ews-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[ear]]|| Ancient Greek ous, Sanskrit usi, Russian {{term|уши|tr=úši|lang=ru}}, Gothic auso, Lithuanian ausis, Latvian auss, Gaulish ausia-, Latin auris, Albanian vesh, German ōra/Ohr, Old Church Slavonic ucho, Irish au/, Avestan usi, Persian gaušā/guš, Kurdish guh/goh, English éare/ear, Old Norse eyra, Old Armenian {{term|ունկն|tr=unkn|lang=xcl}}, {{term|ականջ|tr=akanǰ|lang=xcl}}, Old Prussian āusins, Pashto ghwaž/ghwag, Ormuri goi
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₃ekʷ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[eye]]|| Russian {{term|око|tr=óko|lang=ru}}, Latin oculus, Tocharian ak/ek, Old Armenian {{term|ակն|tr=akn|lang=xcl}}, {{term|աչք|tr=ačʿkʿ|lang=xcl}}, Sanskrit ákṣi, akṣan, Ancient Greek ophthalmos, English ēge/eye, German ouga/Auge, Gothic augo, Albanian sy, Lithuanian akis, Latvian acs, Kamviri âčẽ, Irish enech/oineach, Welsh enep, Old Church Slavonic oko, Old Norse auga, Polish oko, Old Prussian ackis
|-
| {{termxrecons|nas-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[nose]]|| Sanskrit nasa, Latin nasus, Russian {{term|нос|tr=nos|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian nosis, Latvian nāss, English nosu/nose, Avestan nah, German nasa/Nase, Kamviri nâsuṛ, Old Prussian nazy, Persian nāham/, Old Church Slavonic nasu, Old Norse nös, Ormuri nene
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₃es-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[mouth]]|| Sanskrit ās;oṣṭha, Avestan aosta, Latin ōs, Lithuanian uosta (modern: uostas), Latvian osta, Russian {{term|уста|tr=ustá|lang=ru}}, Kamviri âša, Old Prussian austo, English ōr/--, Hittite aiš, Old Norse oss
|-
| {{termxrecons|leb-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[lip]]|| Latin labĭum, German /Lippe; lefs/Lefze English lippa/lip, Kurdish lêv, Welsh llefaru, Russian {{term|лобзать|tr=lobzát’|lang=ru}}, Persian /lab, Lithuanian lūpa
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₃dónts|lang=ine-pro}} || [[tooth]]|| Latin dentis, Ancient Greek odous/donti, Welsh dant, Lithuanian dantis, Sanskrit dantam, Old Armenian {{term|ատամն|tr=atamn|lang=xcl}}, English tōþ/tooth, German zand/Zahn, Gothic tunþus, Russian {{term|десна|tr=desná|lang=ru}}, Welsh dant, Kamviri dut, Persian /dandān, Kashmiri dãd, Irish dét/déad, Old Norse tǫnn, Ossetian dændag, Kurdish didan/digan
|-
| {{termxrecons|dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s|lang=ine-pro}} || [[tongue]]|| Albanian giuha, Latin lingua, Irish tenge/teanga, English tunge/tongue, Gothic tuggo, Old Norse tunga, Sanskrit jihvā, Avestan hizvā, Russian {{term|язык|tr=jazýk|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian liežuvis, Old Armenian {{term|լեզու|tr=lezu|lang=xcl}}, German zunga/Zunge, Kurdish ziman, Welsh tafod, Kamviri dic, Persian hizbāna/zabān, Old Prussian insuwis, Tocharian käntu/kantwo, Pashto zhëba
|-
| {{termxrecons|ǵenu-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[cheek]]|| Latin gena, Welsh genou, Ancient Greek genos, Gothic kinnus, Sanskrit hanu, Avestan zanu, Lithuanian žandas, Latvian zods, Phrygian azon, Tocharian śanwem/, Old Armenian {{term|ծնաւտ|tr=cnawt|lang=xcl}}, English cin/chin, German chinni/Kinn, Irish gin/gionach, Old Norse kinn, Persian /goune(h), Ancient Macedonian kanadoi
|-
(contracted; show full)
|-
| {{termx|bel-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[power]], [[strength]]|| Sanskrit bāla, Ancient Greek beltiōn, Latin dēbĭlis, Irish adbal/dibeal, Welsh balch, Russian {{term|большой|tr=bol’šój|lang=ru}}, Kamviri bâlim, Phrygian balaios, Old Church Slavonic boljĭjĭ, [[Low Saxon]] pal
|}

[[Category:Proto-Indo-European appendices|nouns]]
[[Category:Terms derived from Proto-Indo-European|*]]
[[Category:Proto-Indo-European nouns|*]]