Difference between revisions 19283597 and 19283602 on enwiktionary

This is a [[semasiological]] index of Proto-Indo-European nominal stems. See [[Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots]] for an alphabetical list of roots.

===Kinship===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
(contracted; show full)
|-
| {{recons|h₂ewiǵ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[oats]]|| Lithuanian aviža, Latvian auza, Russian {{term|овёс|tr=ovës|lang=ru}}, Latin avēna, Ancient Greek aigilōps/, Old Prussian wyse, Old Church Slavonic ovĭsŭ
|-
| {{recons|bʰabʰeh₂-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[bean]]|| Latin faba, Old Prussian babo, Russian {{term|боб|tr=bob|lang=ru}}, Albanian bathë, German bona/Bohne, English bēan/bean, Welsh ffâen, Old Norse baun
|-
| {{
termxrecons|h₁eregwo-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[pea]]|| Ancient Greek orobos, Irish orbaind/, Latin ervum, German arawīz/Erbse, Old Norse ertr
|-
| {{termxrecons|ḱiker|lang=ine-pro}} || [[pea]]|| Latin cicer, Old Armenian {{term|սիսեռն|tr=siseṙn|lang=xcl}}, Ancient Greek krios, Lithuanian kekė
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂elud-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[beer]]|| Lithuanian alus, Latvian alus, English ealu/ale, Old Church Slavonic olŭ, Latin alūmen, Ancient Greek aludoimo/, Old Norse ǫl, Old Prussian alu
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂edes-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[cereal]]|| Hittite hattar, Latin ador, German azzic/, Gothic atisk, Tocharian āti/atiyo, Avestan āðūfrāðana, Old Armenian {{term|հատ|tr=hat|lang=xcl}}
|}

===Other products===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂eyos|lang=ine-pro}} || [[metal]]|| Sanskrit ayas, Latin aes, Umbrian ahesnes, German ēr/Erz, English ār/ore, Avestan ayaṅh, Gothic aiz, Old Norse eir, Gaulish Isarnos, Irish iarn/iarann, Welsh haearn, Persian /āhan
|-
| {{termxrecons|lino-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[flax]]|| Ancient Greek linon, Lithuanian linas, Latvian lini, Old Prussian linno, Latin līnum, Irish lín/líon, Albanian liri/lîni, Gothic lein, Polish len, Russian {{term|лён|tr=lën|lang=ru}}, Welsh llin, English lin/linen, German lin/Leinen, Old Norse lín, Old Church Slavonic lĭnŭ
|-
| {{termxrecons|sal-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[salt]]|| Latin sāl, Umbrian salu, Tocharian sāle/sālyiye, Lithuanian saldus ("sweet"), Latvian sāļš, English sealt/salt, Ancient Greek hals, Old Armenian {{term|աղ|tr=ał|lang=xcl}}, Irish salann/, Russian {{term|соль|tr=sol’|lang=ru}}, German salz/Salz, Polish sól, Welsh halen, Albanian gjelbson, Old Norse salt, Gothic salt, Old Church Slavonic soli, Old Prussian sal, Sanskrit salila, Illyr. Salapia
|}

===Tools===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂egʷesi|lang=ine-pro}} || [[axe]]|| English æx/axe, German ackis/Axt,Albanian sakice, Ancient Greek aksinē, Latin ascia, Old Norse øx, Gothic aqizi
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂eyḱ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[spear]]/[[pike]]|| Ancient Greek aiklos/, Old Prussian aysmis, Old Church Slavonic igla, Latin īcō, Avestan išarə, Lithuanian iešmas, Latvian iesms, Old Norse eigin, Russian {{term|игла|tr=iglá|lang=ru}}
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂erkʷ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[bow]]|| Latin arcus,Albanian hark, Gothic arƕazna, English arwe/arrow, Ancient Greek arkeuthos, Russian {{term|ракита|tr=rakíta|lang=ru}}, Latvian ērkšķis, Old Norse ǫrvar, Umbrian arçlataf
|-
| {{termxrecons|bak-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[staff]]|| Ancient Greek baktēria, Irish bacc/bac, Latin baculum, Welsh bach, Lithuanian bakstelėti, Latvian bakstit
|-
| {{termxrecons|gweri-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[millstone]]|| German quirn/, Old Armenian {{term|երկան|tr=erkan|lang=xcl}}, Sanskrit grāvan, Welsh breuan, English cweorn/quern, Old Norse kvern, Irish braó/, Lithuanian girna, Latvian dzirnus, Old Prussian girnoywis, Russian {{term|жёрнов|tr=žërnov|lang=ru}}
|-
| {{termxrecons|keg-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[hook]]|| Lithuanian kengė, Persian /čang, Irish ailcheng/, Russian {{term|коготь|tr=kógot’|lang=ru}}, English hoc/hook,Albaian çok, Old Norse haki; hǫnk, German hâco/Haken
|-
| {{termxrecons|kʷel-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[wheel]]/[[chariot]]|| Ancient Greek kuklos, Tocharian kukäl/kokale, Latin colus, Sanskrit cakra, Russian {{term|колесо|tr=kolesó|lang=ru}}, English hwēol/wheel, Persian čarka/čarx, Irish cul/--, Old Prussian kelan, Ossetian calx/, Polish koło, Avestan čaxra, Albanian sjell, Old Norse hjōl, Luwian kaluti-
|-
| {{termxrecons|mak-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[pouch]]|| Lithuanian maišas, Latvian maks, Irish mén/, Welsh megin, German mago/Magen, English maga/maw, Old Norse magi, Old Church Slavonic mosina, Russian {{term|мошна|tr=mošná|lang=ru}}, Old Prussian dantimax
|-
| {{termxrecons|mat-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[mattock]]|| Sanskrit matya, Russian {{term|мотыга|tr=motýga|lang=ru}}, Latin mateola, German modela, Gaulish matog, Welsh matog
|-
| {{termxrecons|naw-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[ship]]|| Sanskrit nāu, Irish nau/, Ancient Greek naus, Latin nāvis, Avestan navāza, Persian nāviyā/nav, Old Armenian {{term|նաւ|tr=naw|lang=xcl}}, Old Norse nōr, Ossetian nau, Albanian anije, Welsh noe, English nōwend/--
|-
| {{termxrecons|rot-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[wheel]]|| Albanian rrath, Lithuanian ratas, Latvian rats, Gaulish Rotomagus, German rad/Rad, English rodur/, Irish /rath, Latin rota, Sanskrit ratha, Welsh rhod, Avestan raθa, Old Norse rǫðull
|-
| {{termxrecons|skap-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[tool]]|| Russian {{term|щепа|tr=ščepá|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian kapoti, Latvian kaplis, Dutch gereedschap, German skaft/, Ancient Greek skeparnion, Latin capus, Persian /kāfad, Albanian kep, Old Prussian warnaycopo, Old Norse skapt, Old Church Slavonic kopajǫ
|-
| {{termxrecons|yugóm|lang=ine-pro}} || [[yoke]]|| Sanskrit yuj;yunakti, Avestan jug, Latin iūgum, Lithuanian jungas, Latvian jugt, English geoc/yoke, German joh/Joch, Old Norse ok, Gothic juk, Russian {{term|иго|tr=ígo|lang=ru}}, Polish igo, Ancient Greek zugos, Gaulish Veriugodumnus, Kamviri iu, Tocharian yuk/yuk, Welsh iau, Old Armenian {{term|լուծ|tr=luc|lang=xcl}}, Persian /yoġ, Hittite iukan, Old Church Slavonic igo
|}

===Dwelling===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂enk-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[angle]]|| German ango/, Ossetian ængur, Sanskrit aṅkas, Latin ancus, Lithuanian anka, Latvian āķis, Ancient Greek agkōn, Russian {{term|угол|tr=úgol|lang=ru}}, Old Norse angi, Avestan aṅkupəsəmna, Welsh anghad, Irish ēcath/, Hittite hink
|-
| {{termxrecons|bʰerǵʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[fort]]|| Russian {{term|берег|tr=béreg|lang=ru}}, English burg/borough, Old Norse borg, Old Armenian {{term|բարձր|tr=barjr|lang=xcl}}, Sanskrit barhayati, Avestan bərəzant, Gaulish Bergusia, German berg/Burg, Hittite parku, Tocharian pärk/pärk, Welsh bre, Thracian bergas, Gothic baírgahī, Old Norse bjarg, Persian /burz, Irish brí/, Albanian burg, Illyr. Berginium, Ancient Macedonian Berga, Latin fortis, Welsh bera, Lycian prije;pruwa
|-
| {{termxrecons|bʰruH-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[beam]], [[bridge]]|| Gaulish brīva, English brycg/bridge, German brugga/Brücke, Old Norse brú, Russian {{term|бревно|tr=brevnó|lang=ru}}, Old Church Slavonic brĭvŭno, Polish birzwno
|-
| {{termxrecons|dṓm|lang=ine-pro}} || [[house]]|| Sanskrit dama, Avestan dąm, Ancient Greek domos, Latin domus, Russian {{term|дом|tr=dom|lang=ru}}, English timber/timber, German zimbar/Zimmer, Old Norse timbr, Kamviri Umbrian dâmoa, Old Armenian {{term|տուն|tr=tun|lang=xcl}}, Lithuanian namas, Latvian nams, Welsh tŷ, Tocharian tam/täm
|-
| {{termxrecons|dʰwer-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[door]]|| Old Armenian {{term|դուռն|tr=duṙn|lang=xcl}}, Russian {{term|дверь|tr=dver’|lang=ru}}, Sanskrit dvār, Avestan dvarəm, Albanian derë, Old Norse dyrr, English duru/door, Gaulish doro, Ancient Greek thura, Lithuanian durys, Latvian durvis, Old Prussian dwaris, Latin fores, Umbrian furo, German tor/Tür, Irish dorus/doras, Tocharian --/twere, Kamviri du, Umbrian furo, Welsh dôr, Gothic daur, Polish drzwi, Persian duvaraya/dar, Thracian dur, Pashto war, Khosti darra
|-
| {{termxrecons|gʰrendʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[beam]]|| Lithuanian grindys, Latvian grida, Old Norse grind, Latin grunda, Polish grzęda, Russian {{term|гряда|tr=grjadá|lang=ru}}, Kamviri ugṛa, English grindel/, Dutch /grendel, German grindil/
|-
| {{termxrecons|kant-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[corner]]|| Ancient Greek kanthos, Latin cantus, Gaulish kantem, Gothic cant, Russian {{term|кут|tr=kut|lang=ru}}, Polish kąt, Lithuanian kampas, Pashto gutt, Waziri ghužai
|-
| {{termxrecons|pent-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[road]]|| Latin pontis, Ancient Greek pontos, Sanskrit panthā, Avestan pantå, Russian {{term|путь|tr=put’|lang=ru}}, Gothic finþan, English findan/find, German findan/finden, Old Norse finna, Old Armenian {{term|հուն|tr=hun|lang=xcl}}, Kamviri put, Old Prussian pintis, Irish /és, Old Church Slavonic pǫtĭ, Persian paθim/
|-
| {{termxrecons|treb-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[dwelling]]|| Latin trabēs, Oscan trííbúm, Umbrian tremnu, Lithuanian troba, Latvian traba, English þorp/thorp, German thorf/Dorf, Ancient Greek teremnon, Welsh treb; tref, Old Norse ðorp; þorp, Gothic þaúrp, Irish díthrub/
|}

===Social terms===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|tewtéh₂|lang=ine-pro}} || [[tribe]]|| Gaulish teuto, Oscan touto, Umbrian totam,  Old Prussian tauto, Irish túath/túath, Illyr. teuta, Hittite tuzzi, Lycian tuta, Lithuanian tauta, Latvian tauta, English þeoð/--, German diutisc/Deutsch, Gothic þiuda, Old Norse þjóð
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₁lewdʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[people]]|| Lithuanian liaudis, Latvian ļaudis, Russian {{term|люд|tr=ljud|lang=ru}}, Ancient Greek eleutheros, Irish luss/, Latin Līber, Sanskrit rodhati, Avestan raoða, German liut/Leute, Polish lud, Old Norse ljóðr, Albanian lind, Oscan Lúvfreís, Welsh llysiau, Gothic liudan, Old Church Slavonic ljudĭje, English lēod/, Old Prussian ludis
|-
| {{termxrecons|weyḱ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[village]]|| German weihs/, English -wich, -wick, Lithuanian viešas, Latvian viesis, Russian {{term|весь|tr=ves’|lang=ru}}, Avestan vīs, Albanian vis, Sanskrit viś, Latin vīcus, Ancient Greek oikos, Polish wieś, Old Prussian waispattin, Tocharian /īke, Old Church Slavonic vĭsĭ, Waneci wagëdda
|-
(contracted; show full)
|-
| {{termx|bel-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[power]], [[strength]]|| Sanskrit bāla, Ancient Greek beltiōn, Latin dēbĭlis, Irish adbal/dibeal, Welsh balch, Russian {{term|большой|tr=bol’šój|lang=ru}}, Kamviri bâlim, Phrygian balaios, Old Church Slavonic boljĭjĭ, [[Low Saxon]] pal
|}

[[Category:Proto-Indo-European appendices|nouns]]
[[Category:Terms derived from Proto-Indo-European|*]]
[[Category:Proto-Indo-European nouns|*]]