Difference between revisions 5897804 and 5897840 on idwiki

{{Infobox language
|image=Asiangarian Language in Austronesian Scripts.png
|imagesize=350x19470x312px
|name=Greater Malayan
|nativename=''Bahasa Malaya''
|states= [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], [[Brunei]], [[Filipina]], [[Thailand]] <br />
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Rumpun bahasa Melayu-Polinesia|Melayu-Polinesia]]
|fam3=[[Rumpun bahasa Melayu-Polinesia Inti|Melayu-Polinesia Inti]]
|fam4=[[Bahasa Sunda-Sulawesi|Sunda–Sulawesi]]
(contracted; show full)
|-
| colspan="4" | "selembar daun jatuh dari pohon"
|}

Di sini ''daun'' adalah "agen", ''pohon'' adalah "sumber", dan ''tanah'' is the "lokus", yang mengungkapkan akhiran ''-'dana'', ''-'pati'' and ''-'kani'' secara berurutan.

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=== Honorific and humble language ===
'''Greater Malayan had five standard [[register (sociolinguistics)|registerBahasa kehormatan dan rendah hati ===
'''Bahasa Malaya mempunyai lima ragam [[bahasa]]s:'''
* ''Karib'' : "Intimate" (''best friends, [[soulmate[[sahabat]], [[kekasih]]'')
* ''Gaul'' : "Familiar" (''[[friend]]s teman]] dand [[familykeluarga]]'')
* ''Malaresmi'' : "Informal" (''daily usagesehari-hari'')
* ''Santun'' : "Polite" (''standard'')
* ''Resmi'' : "Formal" (''[[formal education]], [[science|scientific]]/[[academic]] disciplines, [[welfare]]'')

'''In addition, two high prestige registers:'''
* ''Hamba'' : "Humble"
* ''Mahadi'' : "Honorific"

Only the the five standard registers was commonly used in Greater Malayan whereas the later high prestige registers was only be used by people working in politics, law, monarchy, and government bodies.

'''Examples of register usage by using ''terima'' (to receive) (applicable for sentences ending in verbs only):'''
* ''Wa terima'' + ''keu'' (masculine) or ''neu'' (feminine) = ''Wa terima'keu'' : "I receive" (''intimate tone'')
* ''Gua terima'' + ''keh/neh'' = ''Gua terima'neh'' : "I receive" (''familiar tone'')
* ''Aku terima'' + ''i(di)'' = ''Aku terim'i'' : "I receive" (''informal tone'')
* ''Saya terima'' + ''ida'' = ''Saya terim'ida'' : "I receive" (''polite tone'')
* ''Sahaya terima'' + ''adiya'' = ''Sahaya terima'diya'' : "I receive" (''formal tone'')
* ''Kula terima'' + ''amba'' = ''Kula terim'ba'' : "I (humbly) receive" (''humble tone'')
* ''Panjenengan terima'' + ''anyah'' + ''?'' = ''Panjenengan terima'nyah?'' : ''lit.'' "You receive?"/"(Will) you receive?" (''honorific tone'')

'''Examples of register usage by using ''teman'' (friend) (applicable for sentences ending in other [[parts of speech]]):'''
* ''Sateman'' + ''seu'' (masculine) or ''veu'' (feminine) = ''Saterima'seu'' : "A friend" (''intimate tone'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''seh/veh'' = ''Sateman'veh'' : "A friend" (''familiar tone'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''is(i)'' = ''Sateman'is'' : "A friend" (''informal tone'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''isa'' = ''Sateman'isa'' : "A friend" (''polite tone'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''adisa'' = ''Sateman'disa'' : "A friend" (''formal tone'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''amsa'' = ''Sateman'sa'' : "A (humble) friend" (''humble tone'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''asyah'' + ''?'' = ''Sateman'syah?'' : ''lit.'' "You friend?"/"Are you a friend?" (''honorific tone'')

The usage of the correct register is essential in Greater Malayan as the case in Javanese, [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]] and other languages that use this system.-->baku'')
* ''Resmi'' : "Formal" (''[[pendidikan]], [[ilmu pengetahuan]], disiplin [[akademik]], [[kesejahteraan]]'')

'''Lagipula, dua ragam tinggi:'''
* ''Hamba'' : "Humble"
* ''Mahadi'' : "Honorific"

Hanya lima ragam baku yang umum digunakan dalam bahasa Malaya sedangkan, ragam tinggi hanya digunakan oleh kalangan yang bekerja di bidang politik, hukum, kerajaan, dan badan pemerintah.

'''Contoh perbedaaan ragam dengan menggunakan "terima" (hanya dapat digunakan dengan kalimat dengan kata kerja):'''
* ''Wa terima'' + ''keu'' (lelaki) or ''neu'' (perempuan) = ''Wa terima'keu'' : "Gue terima" (''karib'')
* ''Gua terima'' + ''keh/neh'' = ''Gua terima'neh'' : "Gua terima" (''gaul'')
* ''Aku terima'' + ''i(di)'' = ''Aku terim'i'' : "Aku terima" (''malaresmi'')
* ''Saya terima'' + ''ida'' = ''Saya terim'ida'' : "Saya terima" (''santun'')
* ''Sahaya terima'' + ''adiya'' = ''Sahaya terima'diya'' : "Sahaya terima" (''resmi'')
* ''Kula terima'' + ''amba'' = ''Kula terim'ba'' : "Kula terima (dengan rendah hati)" (''rendah hati'')
* ''Panjenengan terima'' + ''anyah'' + ''?'' = ''Panjenengan terima'nyah?'' : ''harf.'' "Anda terima?"/"Anda (akan) terimakah?" (''hormat'')

'''Contoh perbedaaan ragam dengan menggunakan "teman" (dapat digunakan untuk kalimat biasa lainnya selain ada kata kerja):'''
* ''Sateman'' + ''seu'' (lelaki) or ''veu'' (perempuan) = ''Saterima'seu'' : "Suatu temen" (''karib'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''seh/veh'' = ''Sateman'veh'' : "Suatu temen" (''gaul'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''is(i)'' = ''Sateman'is'' : "Suatu temen" (''malaresmi'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''isa'' = ''Sateman'isa'' : "Suatu teman" (''santun'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''adisa'' = ''Sateman'disa'' : "Suatu teman" (''resmi'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''amsa'' = ''Sateman'sa'' : "Suatu kawan" (''rendah hati'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''asyah'' + ''?'' = ''Sateman'syah?'' : ''harf.'' "Anda kawan?"/"Anda kawankah?" (''hormat'')

Penggunaan ragam yang benar sangatlah penting dalam bahasa Malaya seperti halnya dalam bahasa Jawa, [[bahasa Jepang]], [[bahasa Korea]] dan bahasa lainnya yang menggunakan sistem ini.

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Bahasa Austronesia]]
* [[Bahasa Malaya]]
* [[Bahasa Melayu]] [[Maluku]]
* [[Bahasa]] [[Melayu Riau]]

== Rujukan ==
<references />