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Debian
{{terjemah|basa=Inggris}}
{{ infobox OS
| name                   = Debian GNU/Linux
| logo                   = 
| screenshot = [[Gambar:Debian-8-desktop-background.png|250px]]
| caption = Debian Etch's [[GNOME]] 2.14.3 desktop
| website                = http://www.debian.org
| developer              = Debian Project
| family                 = [[Linux]]
| latest_release_version = 6.0 squeeze
| latest_release_date    = [[6 Februari]], [[2011]]
| kernel_type = [[Monolithic kernel]], [[Linux kernel|Linux]]
| supported_platforms    = [[i386]], [[x86-64]], [[PowerPC]], [[SPARC]], [[DEC Alpha]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]], [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]], [[PA-RISC family|HPPA]], [[IBM eServer zSeries|S390]], [[IA-64]]
| updatemodel            = [[Advanced Packaging Tool|APT]]
| working_state          = Current
}}

'''Debian''' iku sawijining proyèk pangembangan saka [[Piranti alus mardika|mardika]], [[sistem operasi]] lengkap kang digawé gotong-royong bebarengan déning para sukarelawan sadonya. Gampané, Debian iku salah sawijining [[Distribusi Linux|distro Linux]] sing nganggo jeneng resmi '''Debian GNU/Linux'''.

Debian kondhang amarga ngresepi filsafat [[Unix filsafat|Unix]] lan [[piranti empuk mardika]], lan lan akèhing pilihan — gagrag paling anyar ngandhut luwih saka 18.000 [[paket piranti empuk]]kanggo 7 (pitung) [[arsitektur komputer]], sumrambah seka [[arsitektur ARM]] sing lumrah tinemu ing [[sistem katanem]] (''embeded system'') lan [[IBM eServer zSeries]] arsitektur [[Komputer mainframe|mainframe]] nganti sing lumrah manèh kaya  arsitektur Intel [[x86]] lan AMD [[x86-64]] sing ana ing [[komputer pribadi]] (''personal computer''). Debian GNU/Linux iku uga dadi lelandhesané sawetara distribusi, klebu [[Knoppix]], [[Linspire]], lan [[Ubuntu (Distribusi Linux)|Ubuntu]].

Debian uga kawentar amarga [[sistem pangaturan paket]] (''package management system'') (utamané [[Advanced Packaging Tool|APT]]), sing migunakaké pangaturan sing kenceng kanggo njaga kualitas.
Debian sinengkuyung déning derma liwat [[Software in the Public Interest]], Inc., sawijining [[organisasi nirlaba]] [[organisasi payung|organisasi sing mayungi]] proyèk piranti empuk mardika.

== History ==

Distribusi Debian kabiwarakaké pisanan ing [[16 Agustus]] [[1993]] déning [[Ian Murdock]], sing banjur dadi [[mahasiswa]] ing [[Purdue University]]. Murdock nyebut sistemé iku "Debian Linux Release".<ref>{{cite newsgroup | title = New release under development; suggestions requested | url = http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux.development/msg/a32d4e2ef3bcdcc6 | last = Murdock | first = Ian A | id = [email protected] | | date = [[16 August]] [[1993]] | newsgroup = comp.os.linux.development }}</ref>

Ing ''[[Debian Manifesto]]'', Murdock ngajab supaya digawee distribusi sing kagulawentah ing pangrasa tinarbuka, rasa sejatining Linux lan GNU. Jeneng "Debian" iku gabungan seka jeneng pisanan pacaré (saiki dadi bojoné) "Debra" karo jeneng dhèwèké ("Ian"). Ing sabanjur, Debian kaucap sesambungané silabel ingpangrasa Inggris Amerika: {{IPA|/'dɛbiən/}}.<ref>{{ cite website | url = http://www.debian.org/intro/about | title = About Debian }}</ref>

The Debian Project grew slowly at first and released its first 0.9x versions in 1994 and 1995. The first ports to other architectures were begun in 1995, and the first 1.x version of Debian was released in 1996. In 1996, [[Bruce Perens]] replaced Ian Murdock as the project leader. In the same year, fellow developer [[Ean Schuessler]] suggested that Debian establish a [[social contract]] between the project and its users. Perens distilled the resulting discussion on Debian mailing lists into the [[Debian Social Contract]] and the [[Debian Free Software Guidelines]], defining fundamental commitments for the development of the distribution. He also initiated the creation of the legal [[umbrella organization]] [[Software in the Public Interest]].

Bruce Perens left in 1998 before the release of the first [[glibc]]-based Debian, 2.0. The Project proceeded to elect new leaders and made two more 2.x releases, each including more ports and more packages. [[Advanced Packaging Tool|APT]] was deployed during this time and the first port to a non-Linux kernel, [[Debian GNU/Hurd]], was started as well. The first [[Linux distribution]]s based on Debian, [[Corel Linux]] and [[Stormix]]'s Storm Linux, were started in 1999. Though no longer developed, these distributions were the first of [http://www.debianhelp.co.uk/debian.htm many distributions based on Debian].

In late 2000, the Project made major changes to archive and release management, reorganizing software archive processes with new "package pools" and creating a ''testing'' branch as an ongoing, relatively stable staging area for the next release. Also in that year, developers began holding an annual conference called ''[[Debconf]]'' with talks and workshops for developers and technical users.<ref>Debian Documentation Team.  ''[http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/ A Brief History of Debian]''.</ref>

On [[6 Februari]] [[2011]] the Debian Project announced the official release of Debian GNU/Linux version 6.0, codenamed "squeeze".

== Development versions ==
Software packages in development are uploaded to project branches named ''unstable'' (alias ''sid'') and ''experimental''. Software packages uploaded to ''unstable'' are normally stable versions released by the original ''upstream'' developer, but with packaging and other Debian-specific modifications introduced by Debian developers that may be new and untested. Unstable software or software otherwise not ready for the ''unstable'' branch is typically placed in ''experimental''.

After a version of a software package has remained in ''unstable'' for a certain length of time (depending on the urgency of the software's changes), that package is automatically migrated to the ''testing'' branch. The package's migration to testing occurs only if no serious (''release-critical'') bugs in the package are reported and if other software needed for package functionality qualifies for inclusion in ''testing''.

Since updates to Debian software packages between official releases do not contain new features, some choose to use the ''testing'' and ''unstable'' branches for their newer packages. However, these branches are less tested than ''stable'', and ''unstable'' doesn't receive timely security updates.<ref>http://www.debian.org/security/faq#testing</ref> Starting [[September 9th]], [[2005]]<ref>http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2005/09/msg00006.html</ref> a ''testing'' security team provides security updates.<ref>http://secure-testing-master.debian.net</ref> In particular, incautious upgrades to working ''unstable'' packages can sometimes seriously break software functionality.

After the packages in ''testing'' have matured and the goals for the next release are met, the ''testing'' branch becomes the next stable release. The latest stable release of Debian (''squeeze'') is 6.0. It was released on 6 Februari, 2011.

The forthcoming version is codenamed "''wheezy''."

== Project organization ==
[[Gambar:Debian-organigram.png|thumb|300px|Diagram of the organizational structure of the Project]]

The Debian Project is a volunteer organization with three foundational documents:
* The [[Debian Social Contract]] defines a set of basic principles by which the project and its developers conduct affairs.
* The [[Debian Free Software Guidelines]] define the criteria for "free software" and so what software is permissible in the distribution, as referenced in the Social Contract. These guidelines have also been adopted as the basis of the [[Open Source Definition]]. Although it can be considered a separate document for all practical purposes, it formally is part of the Social Contract.
* [http://www.debian.org/devel/constitution The Debian Constitution] describes the organizational structure for formal decision-making within the Project, and enumerates the powers and responsibilities of the Debian Project Leader, the Debian Project Secretary, and the Debian Developers generally.

Currently, the project includes more than a thousand developers. Each of them sustains some niche in the project, be it [[software package|package]] maintenance, [[software documentation]], maintaining the project infrastructure, [[quality assurance]], or release coordination. Package maintainers have jurisdiction over their own packages, although packages are increasingly co-maintained. Other tasks are usually the domain of smaller, more collaborative groups of developers.

The project maintains official [[mailing list]]s and conferences for communication and coordination between developers. For issues with single packages or domains, a public [[computer bug|bug]] tracking system is used by developers and end-users both. Informally, [[Internet Relay Chat]] channels (primarily on the [[OFTC]] and [[freenode]] networks) are used for communication among developers and users as well.

Together, the Developers may make binding general decisions by way of a General Resolution or election. All voting is conducted by [[Schulze method|Cloneproof Schwartz Sequential Dropping]], a [[Condorcet method]] of voting. A [[Debian Project Leader|Project Leader]] is elected once per year by a vote of the Developers; in April 2007, [[Samuel Hocevar]] was voted into this position, succeeding [[Anthony Towns]]. The Debian Project Leader has several special powers, but this power is far from absolute and is rarely utilized. Under a General Resolution, the Developers may, among other things, recall the leader, reverse a decision by him or his delegates, and amend the constitution and other foundational documents.

The Leader sometimes delegates authority to other developers in order for them to perform specialized tasks. Generally this means that a leader delegates someone to start a new group for a new task, and gradually a team gets formed that carries on doing the work and regularly expands or reduces their ranks as they think is best and as the circumstances allow.

Perhaps a more important person to Debian than the Leader is the [[software release|Release]] Manager, who sets goals for the next "stable" release, supervises the process, and makes the final decision as to when to release.

A list of many important positions in the Debian Project is available at [http://www.debian.org/intro/organization the Debian organization web page].

== Developer recruitment, motivation, and resignation ==
The Debian Project has a steady influx of applicants wishing to become Developers. These applicants must undergo an elaborate vetting process which establishes their identity, motivation, understanding of the Project's goals (embodied in the Social Contract), and technical competence. More information on the "New Maintainer" process is available at [http://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint the Debian New Maintainer page].

Debian Developers join the Project for any number of reasons; some that have been cited in the past include:
* a desire to contribute back to the [[Free Software community]] (practically all applicants are users of [[Free Software]]);
* a desire to see some specific software task accomplished (some view the Debian user community as a valuable testing or proving ground for new software);
* a desire to make, or keep, Free Software competitive with [[proprietary software|proprietary alternatives]];
* a desire to work closely with people that share some of their aptitudes, interests, and goals (there is a very strong sense of [[community]] within the Debian Project which some applicants do not experience in their paid jobs);
* a simple enjoyment of the iterative process of [[software development]] and maintenance (some developers have a nearly obsessive level of dedication to refinement and enhancement of software).

Debian Developers may resign their positions at any time by orphaning the packages they were responsible for and sending a notice to the developers and the [[public key infrastructure|keyring]] maintainer (so that their upload authorization can be revoked).

== Debian package life cycle ==
[[Gambar:Debian-package-cycle.png|thumb|300px|Flowchart of the life cycle of a Debian package]]

Each Debian software package has a maintainer who keeps track of releases by the "upstream" authors of the software and ensures that the package is compliant with Debian Policy, coheres with the rest of the distribution, and meets the standards of quality of Debian. In relations with users and other developers, the maintainer uses the bug tracking system to follow up on bug reports and fix bugs. Typically, there is only one maintainer for a single package, but increasingly small teams of developers "co-maintain" larger and more complex packages and groups of packages.

Periodically, a package maintainer makes a release of a package by uploading it to the "incoming" directory of the Debian package archive (or an "upload queue" which periodically batch-transmits packages to the incoming directory).
Package uploads are automatically processed to ensure that the [[upload]] is well-formed (all the requisite files are in place) and that the package bears the digital signature -- produced with [[OpenPGP]]-compatible software -- of a Debian developer. All Debian developers have [[public key]]s. Packages are signed to be able to reject uploads from hostile outsiders to the project, and to permit accountability in the event that a package contains a serious [[Computer bug|bug]], a violation of policy, or malicious code.

If the package in incoming is found to be validly signed and well-formed, it is installed into the archive into an area called the "pool" and distributed every day to hundreds of [[mirror (computing)|mirrors]] worldwide. Initially, all package uploads accepted into the archive are only available in the "unstable" suite of packages, which contains the most up-to-date version of each package.

However, new code is also untried code, and those packages are only distributed with clear disclaimers. For packages to become candidates for the next "stable" release of the Debian distribution, they first need to be included in the "testing" suite. The requirements for a package to be included in "testing" is that it:
* must have been in ''unstable'' for the appropriate length of time (the exact duration depends on the "urgency" of the upload).
* must not have a greater number of "release-critical" bugs filed against it than the current version in testing. Release-critical bugs are those bugs which are considered serious enough that they make the package unsuitable for release.
* must be compiled for all architectures slated to release.
* must be a package for an architecture that is slated to release (in other words, packages for architectures that aren't scheduled to release with all the rest are never considered for "testing").
* must not depend on versions of any packages that do not meet the above conditions.

[[Gambar:debianaptget.jpg|right|150px|thumb|APT shown on Debian Sarge]]

Thus, a release-critical bug in a package on which many packages depend, such as a shared library, may prevent many packages from entering the "testing" area, because that library is considered deficient.

Periodically, the Release Manager publishes guidelines to the developers in order to ready the release, and in accordance with them eventually decides to make a release. This occurs when all important software is reasonably up-to-date in the release-candidate suite for all architectures for which a release is planned, and when any other goals set by the Release Manager have been met. At that time, all packages in the release-candidate suite ("testing") become part of the released suite ("stable").

It is possible for a package -- particularly an old, stable, and seldom-updated one -- to belong to more than one suite at the same time. The suites are simply collections of pointers into the package "pool" mentioned above.

== Debian releases ==
As of [[Februari 2011]], the latest stable release is version 6.0, code name ''squeeze''. When a new version is released, the previous stable is labeled ''oldstable''; currently, this is version 5.0, code name ''lenny''.

In addition, a stable release gets minor updates (called ''point releases'') marked, for example, like 3.1r1.

Debian has made the following major stable releases (with [[code name]]s and release dates):

{| class="prettytable" 
! bgcolor="#B3B7FF" | Version
! bgcolor="#B3B7FF" | Name
! bgcolor="#B3B7FF" | Datum
|-
|0.93R6 || -    || [[26 October]] [[1995]] <ref>http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/debian-announce-1995/msg00007.html</ref>
|-
| 1.1 || buzz   || [[17 June]] [[1996]] <ref>http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/debian-announce-1996/msg00021.html</ref>
|-
| 1.2 || rex    || [[12 December]] [[1996]] <ref>http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/debian-announce-1996/msg00026.html</ref>
|-
| 1.3 || bo     || {{0}}[[5 June]] [[1997]] <ref>http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/debian-announce-1997/msg00013.html</ref>
|-
| 2.0 || hamm   || [[24 July]] [[1998]] <ref>http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/debian-announce-1998/msg00015.html</ref>
|-
| 2.1 || slink  || {{0}}[[9 March]] [[1999]] <ref>http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/debian-announce-1999/msg00005.html</ref>
|-
| 2.2 || potato || [[15 August]] [[2000]] <ref>http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/debian-announce-2000/msg00009.html</ref>
|-
| 3.0 || woody  || [[19 July]] [[2002]] <ref>http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/debian-announce-2002/msg00004.html</ref>
|-
| 3.1 || sarge  || {{0}}[[6 June]] [[2005]] <ref>http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/debian-announce-2005/msg00003.html</ref>
|-
| 4.0 || etch   || {{0}}[[8 April]], [[2007]] <ref>http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/debian-announce-2007/msg00002.html</ref>
|-
|  5.0  || lenny  || [[14 Februari]], [[2009]] <ref>http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/2009/msg00002.html</ref>
|-
|  6.0  || squeeze  || [[6 Februari]], [[2011]] <ref>http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/2011/msg00001.html</ref>
|}

The next release will be codenamed "wheezy" [http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2010/09/msg00000.html].  

Due to an incident involving a CD vendor who made an unofficial and broken release labeled "1.0", an official "1.0" release was never made.

The code names of Debian releases are names of [[List of Toy Story characters|characters from the movie]] ''[[Toy Story]]''.

The ''unstable'', developmental distribution is nicknamed ''sid'', named after the emotionally unstable next-door neighbour boy who destroyed toys on a regular basis from the first ''[[Toy Story]]''.

:''See [http://debian.semistable.com/releases.gif] for a graph of release dates, updates, and security support.''

== Ports to various kernels ==
{{details|GNU variants}}

The Project describes itself as creating a "Universal Operating System" and several [[porting|ports]] of all [[Userland (computing)|userland]] software to various operating system [[Kernel (computer science)|kernels]] are under development:
* ''Debian GNU/Linux'', on the [[Linux kernel]] — the original, officially released port
* ''[[Debian GNU/Hurd]]'', on [[GNU Hurd]]
* ''Debian GNU/kFreeBSD'', on the [[FreeBSD]] kernel
* ''Debian GNU/NetBSD'', on the [[NetBSD]] kernel

Although these are official Debian projects, there have been no official releases of the non-Linux ports yet, so currently Debian is exclusively a Linux distribution.

== Advantages and Criticisms ==
The Debian system provides more than 18,700 precompiled packages. Since the ''stable'' release has been through a rigorous release cycle, the system and packages are stable. Since the rigor of the release cycles can take some time, one technical criticism of Debian is that, the released ''stable'' branch can become too old for those on the bleeding edge. Almost three years elapsed between Debian 3.0 and Debian 3.1. Although Debian 4.0 was announced for December 2006<ref>{{ cite website | url = http://www.debian.org/News/2006/20060724 | title = Upcoming release }}</ref> (a mere 18 months after the release of 3.1) it was released on [[April 8]] [[2007]]. This criticism is countered to some degree by the existence of:
* Repositories of [[backport]]ed packages (updated package versions compiled in the ''stable'' environment), like those on [http://www.backports.org/ backports.org] and [http://www.apt-get.org apt-get.org]. However, in some cases these packages may not be as well integrated into the system, possibly resulting in problems upgrading or conflicts between backported packages from different sources.
* The ''testing'' branch of Debian often contains updated software that is more stable than its name might indicate. However this branch can become turbulent after a new release of the ''stable'' environment.

Another criticism is that some software and documentation is not available in the official Debian software repository because it does not satisfy the Debian Project's strict requirements of freeness.

Documents using the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] with sections that the author does not permit to be altered or removed are considered ''non-free'' by Debian.<ref>[http://www.debian.org/vote/2006/vote_001 General Resolution: Why the GNU Free Documentation License is not suitable for Debian main.]</ref> In such cases, the software or documentation may be obtained from third-party sources or from the auxiliary ''non-free'' section of Debian fileservers, or there may be alternative software in the Debian distribution that serves the same purpose. For example, the [[proprietary software|proprietary]] [[Adobe Acrobat]] reader is not distributed by Debian, but other free [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] readers are, and the Acrobat reader can be downloaded from Adobe and installed manually on a Debian system.

The Debian Project is criticized by some in the free software community for making available certain proprietary software in the ''non-free'' section, rather than excluding it entirely. Similarly, Debian has in the past included ''free'' packages with ''non-free'' components in its main distribution, but now separates software such as proprietary device drivers in the Linux kernel.

== References ==

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2">
* [[Martin Felix Krafft|Krafft, Martin F.]] ''[[The Debian System]]''. Published by [[Open Source Press]] (Germany) and [[No Starch Press]] (United States), 2005. (ISBN 3-937514-07-4) / (ISBN 1-59327-069-0) / ([http://www.debiansystem.info Website])
* [[Benjamin Mako Hill|Hill, Benjamin Mako]] et al. ''Debian GNU/Linux 3.1 Bible''. Published by [[John Wiley & Sons]], 2005. (ISBN 0-7645-7644-5)
</div>
{{reflist|2}}

== See also ==
{{portalpar|Free software|Floss draft.png}}

* [[List of Linux distributions#Debian-based|Free distributions based on Debian]]
* [[Comparison of Linux distributions]]
* [[List of Debian Project leaders]]

== External links ==
{{Commons|Debian}}

* [http://www.debian.org/ Official Project website]
* [http://wiki.debian.org/ Official Debian Wiki]
* [http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/debian/chapter/book/ ''Learning Debian GNU/Linux''], by Bill McCarty
* {{Distrowatch|debian|NAME=Debian GNU/Linux}} ([http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=review-debian review])
* [http://linuxmafia.com/faq/Debian/installers.html Overview of Debian installers]
* [http://www.debian-unofficial.org/ Debian-Unofficial.org] Repository for packages not available within the official Debian repository

[[Kategori:Debian|Debian]]

[[Kategori:Distribusi Linux]]