Difference between revisions 3531381 and 3531382 on mswiki

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Pembunuhan beramai-ramai berlaku di bawah beberapa rejim Komunis pada abad kedua puluh dengan nombor angka kematian dianggarkan antara 85 dan 100 juta.<ref name="Courtois1999Introduction">[[#Courtois1999Introduction|Courtois (1999) "Pengenalan"]] ms. X: USSR: 20 juta kematian; China: 65 juta kematian; Vietnam: 1 juta kematian; Korea Utara: 2 juta kematian; Kemboja: 2 juta kematian; Eropah Timur: 1 juta(contracted; show full)eterai antara 10,000 dan 27,000 orang, kebanyakannya di [[penjara Pul-e-Charkhi]].<ref>[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] p. 219.</ref><ref>Kaplan, Robert D., ''Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan,'' New York, Vintage Departures, (2001), p.115</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4756480.stm Kabul's prison of death] [[BBC]], February 27, 2006</ref>  
After the invasion iSelepas pencerobohan pada tahun 1979, the Soviets installed the puppet government of [[Babrak Karmal]], but it was never clearly stabilized as a communist regime and was in a constant state of war. By 1987, about 80% of the country's territory was permanently controlled by neither the dipasang kerajaan boneka [[Babrak Karmal]], tetapi ia tidak pernah jelas stabil sebagai rejim komunis dan adalah di dalam keadaan perang. Menjelang 1987, kira-kira 80% daripada wilayah negara telah dikawal secara kekal oleh bukan kerajaan pro-ComKomunist government (and supporting Soviet troops) nor by the armed opposition. To tip the balance, the Soviet Union used a (dan menyokong tentera Soviet) dan tidak juga oleh pembangkang bersenjata. Untuk tip baki, Kesatuan Soviet telah menggunakan tacktic that was a combination of "scorched earth" policy and "migratory genocide": byk yang gabungan "bumi hangus" dan dasar "pembunuhan beramai-ramai yang berhijrah": syistematically burning the crops and destroying villages in rebel provinces, as well as by reprisal bombing of entire villages suspected of harbouring or supporting the resistance, the Soviets tried to force the local population to move to the Soviet controlled territory, thereby depriving the armed opposition of their support.<ref>Joseph Collins. Soviet Policy toward Afghanistan. ''Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science'', Vol. 36, No. 4, Soviet Foreign Policy. (1987), pp. 198–210</ref>   By the time the Soviets withdrew in 1988, 1 to 1.5 million people had been killed, mostly Afghan civilians, and one-third of Afghanistan's population had been displaced.<ref>[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] pp. 91–151. <!-- page range too great to verify, this constitutes an entire chapter's page range, and IIRC, is incorrect as Valentino deals with Afghanistan in a later section of the text than p. 151. --> {{Failed verification|date=June 2011}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2011}} M. Hassan Kakar argued that "the Afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower."<ref name=HassanKakar-Index>M. Hassan Kakar ''[http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982] [[University of California]] press © 1995 The Regents of the University of California.</ref> [[Mass grave]]s of executed prisoners have been exhumed dating back to the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] erak dengan membakar tanaman dan memusnahkan kampung-kampung di wilayah pemberontak, dan juga oleh tindakan balas pengeboman kampung keseluruhan disyaki melindungi atau menyokong tindakan penentangan, Soviet cuba untuk memaksa penduduk tempatan untuk bergerak ke wilayah Soviet dikawal, dengan itu menafikan pembangkang bersenjata sokongan mereka.<ref>Joseph Collins. Soviet Policy toward Afghanistan. ''Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science'', Vol. 36, No. 4, Soviet Foreign Policy. (1987), pp. 198–210</ref>   Apabila Soviet berundur pada tahun 1988, 1 hingga 1.5 juta orang telah terbunuh, kebanyakannya orang awam Afghanistan, dan satu pertiga daripada penduduk Afghanistan terpaksa pindah.<ref>[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] pp. 91–151. <!-- page range too great to verify, this constitutes an entire chapter's page range, and IIRC, is incorrect as Valentino deals with Afghanistan in a later section of the text than p. 151. --> {{Failed verification|date=June 2011}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2011}} M. Hassan Kakar berhujah bahawa "Afghanistan adalah antara mangsa terbaru pembunuhan beramai-ramai oleh kuasa besar."<ref name=HassanKakar-Index>M. Hassan Kakar ''[http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982] [[University of California]] press © 1995 The Regents of the University of California.</ref> [[Kubur besaran]] banduan yang dihukum mati telah digali yng berasal dari [[Kesatuan Soviet|Soviet]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6274302.stm In pictures: Afghan mass grave] [[BBC]], July 5, 2007</ref>

===Kebuluran Soviet 1932-1933===
{{Main|Soviet famine of 1932–1933|Holodomor|Holodomor genocide question|Dekulakization}}
(contracted; show full)==Pautaun luar==
*[http://www.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/ The Global Museum on Communism]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mass Killings Under Communist Regimes}}
[[Kategori:Pembunuhan beramai-ramai]]
[[Kategori:Negara komunis]]
[[Kategori:Komunisme]]
[[Kategori:Penindasan komunis]]