Difference between revisions 3598876 and 4055851 on mswiki

{{redirect|Hall of Mirrors}}
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS         = Istana dan Taman Versailles
| Image       = [[Fail:Versailles Palace.jpg|300px|Versailles: Louis Le Vau opened up the interior court to create the expansive entrance ''cour d'honneur,'' later copied all over Europe.]]
| State Party = {{FRA}}
| Type        = Kebudayaan
| Criteria    = i, ii, vi
| ID          = 83
| Region      = [[Senarai Tapak Warisan Dunia di Eropah|Eropah dan Amerika Utara]]
| Year        = 1979
| Session     = ke-3
| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/83
}}
'''Château de Versailles''', atau '''Versailles''', adalah sebuah [[château]] diraja di [[Versailles]], [[Perancis]]. Dalam [[Bahasa Melayu]], ia sering dirujuk sebagai '''Istana Versailles'''. Apabila château itu dibina, Versailles adalah sebuah kawasan perkampungan, tetapi kini ia adalah sebuah pinggir bandar kecil yang berhampiran [[Paris]]. Dari 1682, apabila [[Louis XIV dari Perancis|Maharaja Louis XIV]] berpindah dari Paris, ia menyebabkan [[Kerabat Diraja|kerabat diraja itu]] dipaksa untuk pulang ke ibu negara pada 1789. '''Halaman Versailles''' adalah pusat kekuasaan [[Ancien Régime]] Perancis.

== Bacaan selanjutnya ==
* Thompson, Ian. ''The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, André Le Nôtre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles''. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 1-58234-631-3).
** [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/09/24/botho24.xml Reviewed] by Peter Parker in the [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ ''Telegraph''], October 1, 2006.
** [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/09/24/botho224.xml Reviewed] by John Adamson in the [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ ''Telegraph''], 2006.

== Pautan luar ==
{{Kategori Commons|Palace of Versailles}}
* [http://www.chateauversailles.fr/en/index.php Official Site]
* [http://www.paris-photos.org/palace-of-versailles.php Photos of Palace and Gardens of Versailles]
* [http://www.pbase.com/ericdeparis/versailles_gardens Extensive photo gallery of Versailles]
* [http://www.hotels-paris-france-hotels.com/versailles/palace/ Palace of Versailles] Independent study article with photographs
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14857 The Story of Versailles] by Francis Loring Payne, from [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [[French language|French]] [http://www.vinci.com/mecenat The Hall of Mirrors Restoration]
* [[French language|French]] [http://perso.wanadoo.fr/crampman/album_cris/versailles_n_1.html Pictures of : "Les Grandes Eaux Nocturnes"]
* [http://www.offrench.net/photos/gallery-8_location-84.php Palace of Versailles photos]
* [http://www.paris-france-vacation.com/palace-of-versailles.html Visiting information Palace of Versailles]
* [http://www.bounceberry.org Comprehensive audio guide covering history and culture of the Chateau.]
* [http://www.podibus.com/versailles/index_eng.php Podcasts describing Versailles]
* [http://ddb.libnet.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit-e/f13/f13_1cont.html Extensive Images on the Design of Versailles]
{{Geolinks-Europe-buildingscale|48.804404|2.123162}}
** Satellite image from [http://www.mapygon.com/france/ile-de-france/yvelines/versailles/versailles/chateau-de-versailles/ Mapygon]
* [http://www.european-city-parks.com/paris/versailles-gardens/ Article on Versailles Gardens]
* [http://www.laguiole.com/chateau_laguiole_versailles.htm Laguiole Corkscrews made with wood from Gardens of Versailles]
{{World Heritage Sites in France}}


{{stub}}Redirect|Versailles|the city of Versailles|Versailles, Yvelines||Versailles (disambiguation)}}
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{{more footnotes|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox historic building
| name         = Palace of Versailles
| native_name         = Château de Versailles
| native_name_lang    = fr
| former_names        =
| alternate_names     =
| status              =
| image               = Vue aérienne du domaine de Versailles par ToucanWings - Creative Commons By Sa 3.0 - 073.jpg
| image_alt           =
| caption             =  Aerial view of the Palace {{Nowrap|from above the [[Gardens of Versailles]]}}
| map_type            = France Île-de-France#France
| map_alt             =
| map_caption         = Location within [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]
| embedded            = {{designation list | embed=yes
| designation1=WHS
| designation1_offname=Palace and Park of Versailles
| designation1_date = 1979 <small>(3rd [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria =  i, ii, vi
| designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/83 83]
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1value = France
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe]]
}}
| altitude            =
| building_type       =
| architectural_style =
| structural_system   =
| cost                =
| client              =
| owner               =
| current_tenants     =
| landlord            =
| location            = [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], [[France]]
| address             =
| coordinates         = {{coord|48.804404|2.123162|region:FR|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date =
| start_date          =
| completion_date     =
| completed_date      =
| opened_date         =
| height              =
| floor_count         =
| floor_area          =  67,000 m<sup>2</sup> (721,182 ft<sup>2</sup>)
| url                 = [http://www.chateauversailles.fr/homepage Official site of the Chateau de Versailles]
| references          =
| style               = [[French Baroque architecture]]
}}

The '''Palace of Versailles''', '''Château de Versailles''', or simply '''Versailles''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|v|ɛər|ˈ|s|aɪ}} {{respell|vair|SY|'}} or {{IPAc-en|v|ər|ˈ|s|aɪ}} {{respell|vər|SY|'}}; {{IPA-fr|vɛʁsaj|lang}}), is a royal [[château]] in [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]] in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] region of France.

When the château was built, Versailles was a small village dating from the 11th century; today, however, it is a wealthy suburb of [[Paris]], some 20 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of the centre of the French capital (''point zero'' at square in front of [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]]). Versailles was the seat of political power in the [[Kingdom of France]] from 1682, when [[Louis XIV of France|King Louis XIV]] moved the royal court from Paris, until the [[House of Bourbon|royal family]] was forced to return to the capital in October 1789, within three months after the beginning of the [[French Revolution]]. Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of [[absolute monarchy]] of the [[Ancien Régime]].

==History==
[[File:Adam Frans van der Meulen - Construction of the Château de Versailles - WGA15115.jpg|thumb|The construction of the Palace of Versailles]]
{{Main|History of the Palace of Versailles}}

===Architectural history===
====17th century====
First built by [[Louis XIII]] in 1623, as a hunting lodge of brick and stone, the edifice was enlarged into a royal palace by [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]]. The first phase of the expansion (c. 1661–1678) was designed and supervised by the architect [[Louis Le Vau]]. It culminated in the addition of three new wings of stone (the ''enveloppe''), which encompassed Louis XIII's original building on the north, south, and west (the garden side). After Le Vau's death in 1670, the work was taken over and completed by his assistant [[François d'Orbay]].<ref>Ayers 2004, pp. 334–336.</ref> [[Charles Le Brun]] designed and supervised the elaborate interior decoration, and [[André Le Nôtre]] landscaped the extensive [[Gardens of Versailles]]. Le Brun and Le Nôtre collaborated on the numerous fountains, and Le Brun supervised the design and installation of countless statues.<ref>Berger 1985a, pp. 17–19.</ref>

During the second phase of expansion of the mansion (c. 1678–1715), two enormous wings north and south of the wings flanking the Cour Royale (Royal Courtyard) were added by the architect [[Jules Hardouin-Mansart]]. He also replaced Le Vau's large terrace, facing the garden on the west, with what became the most famous room of the palace, the [[Hall of Mirrors]]. Mansart also built the Petites Écuries and Grandes Écuries (stables) across the Place d'Armes, on the eastern side of the château, and, in 1687, the [[Grand Trianon]], or Trianon de Marbre (Marble Trianon), replacing Le Vau's 1668 Trianon de Porcelaine in the northern section of the park. Work was sufficiently advanced by 1682, that Louis XIV was able to proclaim Versailles his principal residence and the seat of the government of the Kingdom of France and also to give rooms in the palace to almost all of his [[courtiers]]. After the death of his consort [[Maria Theresa of Spain]] in 1683, Louis XIV undertook the enlargement and remodeling of the royal apartments in the original part of the palace, the former hunting lodge built by his father. The [[Royal Chapel of Versailles]], located at the south end of the north wing, was begun by Mansart in 1688, and after his death in 1708 completed by his assistant [[Robert de Cotte]] in 1710.<ref>Ayers 2004, pp. 336–339; Maral 2010, pp. 215–229.</ref>

====Cost====
[[File:LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)|Bust of Louis XIV]]'' by [[Bernini]] in the [[Diana Salon]] of the Palace of Versailles]]
One of the most baffling aspects to the study of Versailles is the cost&nbsp;– how much [[Louis XIV]] and his successors spent on Versailles. Owing to the nature of the construction of Versailles and the evolution of the role of the palace, construction costs were essentially a private matter. Initially, Versailles was planned to be an occasional residence for Louis XIV and was referred to as the "king's house".<ref>{{harvnb|La Varende|1959}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> Accordingly, much of the early funding for construction came from the king's own purse, funded by revenues received from his ''appanage'' as well as revenues from the province of [[New France]] (Canada), which, while part of France, was a private possession of the king and therefore exempt from the control of the Parliaments.<ref>{{harvnb|Bluche|1986|ps=}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}; {{harvnb|Bluche|1991|ps=}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}; {{harvnb|Chouquette|1997}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

Once [[Louis XIV]] embarked on his building campaigns, expenses for Versailles became more of a matter for public record, especially after [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]] assumed the post of finance minister. Expenditures on Versailles have been recorded in the compendium known as the ''Comptes des bâtiments du roi sous le règne de Louis XIV'' and which was edited and published in five volumes by Jules Guiffrey in the 19th century. These volumes provide valuable archival material pursuant to the financial expenditures of all aspects of Versailles from the payments disbursed for many trades as varied as artists and mole catchers.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvnb|Guiffrey|1880–1890}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

To counter the costs of Versailles during the early years of Louis XIV's personal reign, Colbert decided that Versailles should be the "showcase" of France.<ref name="Bluche 1991">{{harvnb|Bluche|1991}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> Accordingly, all materials that went into the construction and decoration of Versailles were manufactured in France. Even the [[mirror]]s used in the decoration of the Hall of Mirrors were made in France. While [[Venice]] in the 17th century had the monopoly on the manufacture of mirrors, Colbert succeeded in enticing a number of artisans from Venice to make the mirrors for Versailles. However, owing to Venetian proprietary claims on the technology of mirror manufacture, the Venetian government ordered the assassination of the artisans to keep the secrets proprietary to the Venetian Republic.<ref name="Bluche 1991"/> To meet the demands for decorating and furnishing Versailles, Colbert nationalised the tapestry factory owned by the [[Gobelin]] family, to become the [[Gobelins Manufactory|Manufacture royale des Gobelins]].<ref name="Bluche 1991"/>

[[File:Louis14-H.jpg|upright|thumb|Louis XIV visits the [[Gobelins Manufactory|Gobelins]] with Colbert, 15 October 1667. [[Tapestry]] from the series, "Histoire du roi" designed by [[Charles Le Brun]] and woven between 1667 and 1672. Articles of Louis XIV's silver furniture are seen in this tapestry.]]

In 1667, the name of the enterprise was changed to the Manufacture royale des Meubles de la Couronne. The Gobelins were charged with all decoration needs of the palace, which was under the direction of Charles Le Brun.<ref name="Bluche 1991"/>

One of the most costly elements in the furnishing of the ''grands appartements'' during the early years of the personal reign of Louis XIV was the silver furniture, which can be taken as a standard&nbsp;– with other criteria&nbsp;– for determining a plausible cost for Versailles. The ''Comptes'' meticulously list the expenditures on the silver furniture&nbsp;– disbursements to artists, final payments, delivery&nbsp;– as well as descriptions and weight of items purchased. Entries for 1681 and 1682 concerning the silver balustrade used in the salon de Mercure serve as an example:

* Year 1681
<blockquote>II. 5 In anticipation: For the silver balustrade for the king's bedroom: 90,000 ''livres''<br>
II. 7 18 November to Sieur du Metz, 43,475 ''livres'' 5 sols for delivery to Sr. Lois and to Sr. de Villers for payment of 142,196  ''livres'' for the silver balustrade that they are making for the king's bedroom and 404 ''livres'' for tax: 48,861 ''livres'' 5 sol.<br>
II. 15 16 June 1681&nbsp;– 23 January 1682 to Sr. Lois and Sr. de Villers silversmiths on account for the silver balustrade that they are making for the king's use (four payments): 88,457 ''livres'' 5 sols.<br>
II. 111 25 March&nbsp;– 18 April to Sr. Lois and Sr. de Villers silversmiths who are working on a silver balustrade for the king, for continued work (two payments): 40,000 ''livres''
</blockquote>
* Year 1682
<blockquote>II. 129 21 March to Sr. Jehannot de Bartillay 4,970 ''livres'' 12 sols for the delivery to Sr. Lois and de Villers silversmiths for, with 136,457 ''livres'' 5 sol to one and 25,739 ''livres'' 10 sols to another, making the 38 balusters, 17 pilasters, the base and the cornice for the balustrade for the château of Versailles weighing 4,076 ''marc'' at the rate of 41 ''livres'' the ''marc''<ref group=lower-alpha>The ''marc'', a unit equal to 8 ounces, was used to weigh silver and gold.</ref> including 41 ''livres'' 2 sols for tax: 4,970 ''livres'' 12 sols.<ref name="ReferenceA"/></blockquote>

Accordingly, the silver balustrade, which contained in excess of one ton of silver, cost in excess of 560,000 ''livres''. It is difficult&nbsp;– if not impossible&nbsp;– to give an accurate rate of exchange between 1682 and today.<ref group=lower-alpha>As of 4 April 2008, silver has been trading in New York at US$17.83 an ounce.</ref> However, Frances Buckland provides valuable information that provides an idea of the true cost of the expenditures at Versailles during the time of Louis XIV. In 1679, Mme de Maintenon stated that the cost of providing light and food for twelve people for one day amounted to slightly more than 14 ''livres''.<ref>{{harvnb|Buckland|1983}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> In December 1689, to defray the cost of the [[War of the League of Augsburg]], Louis XIV ordered all the silver furniture and articles of silver at Versailles – including [[chamber pot]]s – sent to the mint to be melted.<ref>{{harvnb|Dangeau|1854–1860}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

Clearly, the silver furniture alone represented a significant outlay in the finances of Versailles. While the decoration of the palace was costly, certain other costs were minimised. For example, labour for construction was often low, due largely to the fact that the army during times of peace and during the winter, when wars were not waged, was pressed into action at Versailles. Additionally, given the quality and uniqueness of the items produced at the Gobelins for use and display at Versailles, the palace served as a venue to showcase not only the success of Colbert's mercantilism, but also to display the finest that France could produce.<ref>{{harvnb|Bluche|1986|ps=}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}; {{harvnb|Bluche|1991}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

Estimates of the amount spent to build Versailles are speculative. An estimate in 2000 placed the amount spent during the Ancien Régime as US$2&nbsp;billion,<ref>{{harvnb|Littell|2000}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> this figure being, in all probability, an under-evaluation. France's Fifth Republic expenditures alone, directed to restoration and maintenance at Versailles, undoubtedly surpass those of the [[Louis XIV of France|Sun King]]. The current worth of Versailles is $50.7 billion (£41.59bn).<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/photos/what-the-worlds-most-valuable-palaces-are-really-worth/ss-AAjH5E8#image=26</ref>

====18th century====
In 1738, Louis XV remodeled the [[Petit appartement du roi|king's ''petit appartement'']] on the north side of the Cour de Marbre, originally the entrance court of the old château, and built a pavilion not far from the Grand Trianon, the [[Petit Trianon]], designed by [[Ange-Jacques Gabriel]] and completed in 1768. At the north end of the north wing, Gabriel also built a theatre, the [[L'Opéra of the Palace of Versailles|Opéra]], completed in 1770, in time for the marriage of [[Louis XVI of France|Louis-Auguste]] [[Dauphin of France]] to the [[Marie Antoinette|Austrian Archduchess Marie Antoinette]]. After his accession to the throne, Louis XVI made few changes to the palace, primarily to the royal private apartments.<ref name=Hoog>Hoog 1996.</ref> However, after Louis XVI gave Marie Antoinette the Petit Trianon in 1774, the queen made extensive changes to the interior, added a theater, the Théâtre de la Reine. She also totally transformed the arboretum planted during the reign of Louis XV into what became known as the [[Hameau de la Reine]].<ref>Hoog 1996, pp. 373–374.</ref> (The trees removed from the Trianon arboretum were brought & replanted in the [[Jardin des Plantes]] in Paris.)

====19th century====
During the [[French Revolution]], after the royal family's [[Women's March on Versailles|forced move to Paris]] on 6 October 1789, three years before the fall of the monarchy, Versailles fell into disrepair and most of the furniture was sold. Some restoration work was undertaken by [[Napoleon]] in 1810 and [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]] in 1820, but the principal effort to restore and maintain Versailles was initiated by [[Louis Philippe I|Louis-Philippe]], when he created the Musée de l'Histoire de France, dedicated to "all the glories of France". The museum is located in the Aile du Midi (South Wing), which during the Ancien Régime had been used to lodge the members of the royal family. It was begun in 1833 and inaugurated on 30 June 1837. Its most famous room is the [[Galerie des Batailles]] (Hall of Battles), which lies on most of the length of the second floor.<ref name=Hoog/>

====20th century====
[[File:Schloss Versailles Springbrunnen 1.JPG|thumb|left|One of the fountains on the château grounds]]
Neglect after October 1789, when the royal family had to leave Versailles, and the ravages of war in parts of the 19th and 20th centuries have left their mark on the palace and its park. Post-[[World War II]] governments have sought to repair these damages. On the whole, they have been successful, but some of the more costly items, such as the vast array of [[fountain]]s, have yet to be put back completely in service. As spectacular as they might seem now, they were even more extensive in the 18th century. The 18th-century waterworks at [[Château de Marly|Marly]]— the [[Machine de Marly]] that fed the fountains— was possibly the biggest mechanical system of its time. The water came in from afar on monumental stone [[aqueduct (bridge)|aqueducts]] which have long ago fallen into disrepair or been torn down. Some aqueducts, such as the unfinished [[Canal de l'Eure]], which passes through the gardens of the [[château de Maintenon]], were never completed for want of resources or due to the exigencies of war. The search for sufficient supplies of water was never fully realised even during the apogee of the reign of the ''Sun King'', as the fountains could not be operated together satisfactorily for any significant periods of time.<ref>[http://blog.citibreak.com/the-magic-of-the-great-waters-of-versailles/ The magic of the “Great Waters” of Versailles]</ref>

The restoration initiatives launched by the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] have proven to be perhaps more costly than the expenditures of the palace in the [[Ancien Régime]]. Starting in the 1950s, when the museum of Versailles was under the directorship of [[Gérald van der Kemp]], the objective was to restore the palace to its state&nbsp;– or as close to it as possible&nbsp;– in 1789 when the royal family left the palace. Among the early projects was the repair of the roof over the Hall of Mirrors; the publicity campaign brought international attention to the plight of post-war Versailles and garnered much foreign money including a grant from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]. Concurrently, in the [[Soviet Union]] ([[Russia]] since 26 December 1991), the restoration of the [[Pavlovsk Palace]] located 25 kilometers from the center of Leningrad&nbsp;– today's [[Saint Petersburg]]&nbsp;– brought the attention of French [[Ministry of Culture (France)|Ministry of Culture]], including that of the curator of Versailles.<ref name="Massie 1990">{{harvnb|Massie|1990}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Château de Versailles - grille royale 01.jpg|thumb|right|The "Gate of Honour" restored in 2009]]

[[Pavlovsk Palace]] was built by [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine the Great's]] son [[Paul I of Russia|Paul]]. The czarevitch and his wife, [[Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)|Marie Feodorovna]], were ardent francophiles, who, on a visit to France and Versailles in May and June 1782, purchased great quantities of silk, which they later used to upholster furniture in Pavlovsk. The palace survived the Russian Revolution intact&nbsp;– descendants of Paul I were living in the palace at the time the communists evicted them&nbsp;– however, during the Second World War, the furniture and artifacts housed in the palace, which had been transformed into a museum, were removed. In the process of evacuation the museum collections, remnants of the silks purchased by Paul I of Russia and Marie Feodorovna were found and preserved. After the war when Soviet authorities were restoring the palace, which had been gutted by the retreating Nazi forces, they recreated the silk fabrics by using the preserved 18th-century remnants.<ref name="Massie 1990"/>

When these results and high quality achieved were brought to the attention of the French Minister of Culture, he revived 18th-century weaving techniques so as to reproduce the silks used in the decoration of Versailles.<ref name="Massie 1990"/> The two greatest achievements of this initiative are seen today in wall hangings used in the restoration of the ''chambre de la reine'' in the ''grand appartement de reine'' and the ''chambre du roi'' in the ''appartement du roi''. While the design used for the ''chambre du roi'' was, in fact, from the original design to decorate the ''chambre de la reine'', it nevertheless represents a great achievement in the ongoing restoration at Versailles. Additionally, this project, which took over seven years to achieve, required several hundred kilograms of silver and gold to complete.<ref>{{harvnb|Meyer|1989}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> One of the more costly endeavours for the museum and France's Fifth Republic has been to repurchase as much of the original furnishings as possible. However, because furniture with a royal provenance&nbsp;– and especially furniture that was made for Versailles&nbsp;– is a highly sought after commodity on the international market, the museum has spent considerable funds on retrieving much of the palace's original furnishings.<ref>{{harvnb|Kemp|1976}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

====21st century====
The [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] has enthusiastically promoted the museum as one of France's foremost tourist attractions, with recent figures stating that nearly five million people visit the château, and 8 to 10 million walk in the gardens, every year.<ref name="2008KoonsExhibition">[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/11/arts/design/11koon.html?pagewanted=all At the Court of the Sun King, Some All-American Art], ''New York Times'' (September 11, 2008).</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Opperman|2004}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> In 2003, a new restoration initiative&nbsp;– the "Grand Versailles" project&nbsp;– was started, which necessitated unexpected repair and replantation of the gardens, which had lost over 10,000 trees during [[Cyclone Lothar and Martin|Hurricane Lothar]] on 26 December 1999. The project will be on-going for the next seventeen years, funded with a state endowment of €135&nbsp;million allocated for the first seven years. It will address such concerns as security for the palace and continued restoration of the ''bosquet des trois fontaines''. [[Vinci SA]] underwrote the €12&nbsp;million restoration project for the Hall of Mirrors, which was completed in 2006.<ref>{{harvnb|Leloup|2006}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

===Social history===

====Politics of display====
[[File:Réception du Grand Condé à Versailles (Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1878).png|thumb|300px|Reception of the [[Grand Condé]] at Versailles following his [[Battle of Seneffe|victory at Seneffe]]. Condé advances towards Louis XIV in a respectful manner with laurel wreaths on his path, while captured enemy flags are displayed on both sides of the stairs. It marked the end of Condé's exile, following his participation to the [[Fronde]].]]
On 6 May 1682, Versailles became officially the seat of the government of the kingdom of France, the home of the French King Louis XIV, and the location of the [[noble court|royal court]]. Symbolically, the central room of the long extensive symmetrical range of buildings was the King's Bedchamber (''[[appartement du roi]]''), which itself was centred on the lavish and symbolic state bed, set behind a rich railing. Indeed, even the principal axis of the gardens themselves was conceived to radiate from this fulcrum. All the power of France emanated from this centre: there were government offices here; as well as the homes of thousands of courtiers, their retinues and all the attendant functionaries of court.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} By requiring that nobles of a certain rank and position spend time each year at Versailles, Louis XIV prevented them from developing their own regional power at the expense of his own and kept them from countering his efforts to [[centralization|centralize]] the French government in an [[absolute monarchy]]. {{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}

At various periods before Louis XIV established absolute rule, France, like the [[Holy Roman Empire]] lacked central authority and was not the unified state it was to become during subsequent centuries.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} During the [[Middle Ages]], French nobles were often more powerful than the King of France and, although technically loyal to him, they possessed their own provincial seats of power and government, the loyalty of culturally influential courts and armies, and the right to levy their own taxes on their subjects.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} Some families were so powerful they achieved international prominence and contracted marriage alliances with foreign [[dynasty|royal houses]] to further their own political ambitions.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} Although nominally [[List of French monarchs|Kings of France]], de facto royal power had at times been limited purely to the region around Paris. {{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}

====Life at Court====
Life at Versailles was determined by position, favour, and, above all, one's birth. The chateau was a sprawling cluster of lodgings for which courtiers vied and manipulated. Today, Versailles is seen as unparalleled in its magnificence and splendour, yet few know of the actual living conditions many of Versailles' privileged residents had to endure.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}. Many modern historians have compared the palace to a vast, crowded apartment block.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} Apart from the royal family, the majority of the residents were senior members of the household.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

On each floor apartments of varying size, 350 in all, were arranged along tiled corridors and given a number and a key. Many courtiers traded lodgings and grouped themselves together with their allies, families or friends. The [[Duke of Noailles|Noailles family]] took over so much of the northern wing's attic that floor was nicknamed ''rue de Noailles'' (Noailles Street).<ref>Da Vinha, Mathieu & Masson, Raphaël: ''Versailles: Histoire, Dictionnaire & Anthologie'' - Chapter: ''Aile du Nord'', Publisher: Robert Laffont, Paris, 10 September 2015, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=LKF4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT459&lpg=PT459&dq=versailles+histoire+dictionnaire+anthologie+aile+du+nord+rue+de+noailles&source=bl&ots=ftHPcDzPi5&sig=Eiva7r_QMB-MlqHDpdG4llK6TxI&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-4ve0x6fOAhUGthoKHdrOC-gQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=versailles%20histoire%20dictionnaire%20anthologie%20aile%20du%20nord%20rue%20de%20noailles&f=false](no page number available). {{ISBN|978-2221115022}}</ref>

Louis XIV envisaged Versailles as a seat for all the Bourbons, as well as his troublesome nobles. These nobles were, so to say, placed within a "gilded cage".<ref>{{harvnb|Duc de Saint-Simon}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> Many of the apartments were far from luxurious with many nobles having to make do with one or two room apartments,  forcing many of them to build or buy town-houses in Versailles proper while keeping their palace rooms for changes of clothes or entertaining guests, rarely sleeping there.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} Rooms at Versailles were immensely useful for ambitious courtiers, as they allowed palace residents easy access to the monarch.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

====Political and ceremonial functions====
{{See also|Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation){{!}}Treaties of Versailles}}
[[File:Wernerprokla.jpg|thumb|310px|left|''Proclamation of the [[German Empire]], 18 January 1871'', 1877 by [[Anton von Werner]]]]

Two of the three treaties of the [[Peace of Paris (1783)]], in which the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|United Kingdom]] recognized the independence of the [[United States]], were signed at Versailles.

After the French defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], with the [[Siege of Paris (1870-1871)|Siege of Paris]] dragging on, the palace was the main headquarters of the Prussian army from 5 October 1870 until 13 March 1871. On 18 January 1871, Prussian King [[Wilhelm I]] was proclaimed [[List of German monarchs|German Emperor]] in the Hall of Mirrors and the [[German Empire]] was founded.<ref>{{harvnb|Wawro|2003|p=282}}</ref>
[[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles.jpg|thumb|''[[The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919]]'' by [[William Orpen]]]]

After the First World War, it was the site of the opening of the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] in 1919, also on 18 January. Germany was blamed for causing the First World War in the [[Treaty of Versailles]], which was signed in the same room on 28 June 1919.

The palace, however, still serves political functions. Heads of state are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors; the bicameral [[French Parliament]]&mdash;consisting of the [[Senate (France)|Senate]] (''Sénat'') and the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] (Assemblée nationale)&mdash;meet in joint session (a [[congress of the French Parliament]]) in Versailles<ref name="Safran">William Safran, "France" in ''Politics in Europe'' (M. Donald Hancock et al., CQ Sage: 5th ed. 2012).</ref>  to [[Constitutional amendments under the French Fifth Republic|revise or otherwise amend]] the [[Constitution of France|French Constitution]], a tradition that came into effect with the promulgation of the 1875 Constitution.{{#tag:ref|Article 9: ''Le siège du pouvoir exécutif et des deux chambres est à Versailles.''<ref>[http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/textes/constitution/c1875.htm Constitution of 1875]</ref>}} For example, the Parliament met in joint session at Versailles to pass constitutional amendments in June 1999 (for domestic applicability of [[International Criminal Court]] decisions and for gender equality in candidate lists), in January 2000 (ratifying the [[Treaty of Amsterdam]]), and in March 2003 (specifying the "decentralized organization" of the French Republic).<ref name="Safran"/>

In 2009, President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] addressed the [[global financial crisis]] before a congress in Versailles, the first time that this had been done since 1848, when [[Charles-Louis Napoleon Bonaparte]] gave an address before the [[French Second Republic]].<ref>Associated Press, [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-06-22-sarkozy-parliment_N.htm Breaking tradition, Sarkozy speaks to parliament] (June 22, 2009).</ref><ref>Jerry M. Rosenberg, "France" in The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007-2012 (Scarecrow Press: 2012), p. 262.</ref><ref>Associated Press, [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/11/16/world/europe/ap-eu-france-paris-attacks-the-latest.html The Latest: US Basketball Player James Not Going to France] (November 16, 2015).</ref> Following the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]], President [[Francois Hollande]] gave a speech before a rare [[joint session]] of parliament at the Palace of Versailles.<ref>Associated Press, [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/11/16/world/europe/ap-eu-france-paris-attacks-the-latest.html The Latest: Brother Linked to Paris Attacks in Disbelief] (November 16, 2015).</ref> This was the third time since 1848 that a French president addressed a joint session of the French Parliament at Versailles.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/11/16/francois-hollande-speech-parliament-france-war-isis.cnn Francois Hollande: 'France is at war'], CNN (November 16, 2015).</ref> The [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of France|president of the National Assembly]] has an [[Official residence|official apartment]] at the Palace of Versailles.<ref>Georges Bergougnous, ''Presiding Officers of National Parliamentary Assemblies: A World Comparative Study'' ([[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]: Geneva, 1997), p. 39.</ref>

==Palace and grounds==

===Architecture===
The palace that we recognize today was largely completed by the death of Louis XIV in 1715. The eastern facing palace has a U-shaped layout, with the [[corps de logis]] and symmetrical advancing secondary wings terminating with the Dufour Pavilion on the south and the Gabriel Pavilion to the north, creating an expansive [[cour d'honneur]] known as the Royal Court (Cour Royale). Flanking the Royal Court are two enormous asymmetrical wings that result in a facade of {{convert|402|m|ft}} in length.<ref>{{cite news|title=History of Art|newspaper=Visual Arts Cork|url=http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/versailles-palace.htm|accessdate=August 10, 2016}}</ref> Encompassing {{convert|721182|sqft|m2|0|order=flip}} the palace has 700 rooms, more than 2,000 windows, 1,250 fireplaces and 67 staircases.<ref>{{cite news|title=Palace of Versailles|newspaper=Dimensions Info|url=http://www.dimensionsinfo.com/what-is-the-size-of-versailles-castle/|accessdate=August 10, 2016}}</ref>

The façade of the original lodge is preserved on the entrance front. Built of red brick and cut stone embellishments, the U-shaped layout surrounds a black-and-white marble courtyard. In the center, a 3-storey ''[[avant-corps]]'' fronted with eight red marble columns supporting a gilded wrought-iron balcony is surmounted with a triangle of lead statuary surrounding a large clock, whose hands were stopped upon the death of Louis XIV. The rest of the façade is completed with columns, painted and gilded wrought-iron balconies and dozens of stone tables decorated with consoles holding marble busts of Roman emperors. Atop the mansard slate roof are elaborate dormer windows and gilt lead roof dressings that were added by Hardouin-Mansart in 1679–1681. 
 
Inspired by the architecture of baroque Italian villas, but executed in the French classical style, the garden front and wings were encased in white cut [[ashlar]] stone known as the ''enveloppe'' in 1661-1678. The exterior features an arcaded, [[Rustication (architecture)|rusticated]] ground floor, supporting a main floor with round-headed windows divided by reliefs and pilasters or columns. The attic storey has square windows and pilasters and crowned by a balustrade bearing sculptured trophies and flame pots dissimulating a flat roof.

<gallery mode=packed heights=250>
Plans du rez-de-chaussée et du premier étage du palais de Versailles, Éditeur Gavard, premier étage - Gallica 2011 (detail, color-coded).jpg|Plan of the main floor (c. 1837, with north to the right), showing the [[Hall of Mirrors]] in red, the [[Galerie des Batailles|Hall of Battles]] in green, the [[Royal Chapel of Versailles|Royal Chapel]] in yellow, and the [[Royal Opera of Versailles|Royal Opera]] in blue
</gallery>

===Interior===

====Grands appartements (State Apartments)====
{{Main|Grand appartement du roi|Grand appartement de la reine}}

As a result of [[Louis Le Vau|Le Vau's]] ''enveloppe'' of [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII's]] former hunting lodge transforming it, between 1631 and 1634, into a red brick and white stone small château, with a black tile roof, the king and the queen had new apartments in the new addition, known at the time as the ''château neuf''. The ''grands appartements'' (Grand Apartments, also referred to as the State Apartments<ref>Saule & Meyrer 2000, pp. 18, 22; Michelin Tyre 1989, p. 182.</ref>) are known respectively as the ''grand appartement du roi'' and the ''grand appartement de la reine''. They occupied the main or principal floor of the ''château neuf'', with three rooms in each apartment facing the garden to the west and four facing the garden parterres to the north and south, respectively. Le Vau's design for the state apartments closely followed Italian models of the day, as evidenced by the placement of the apartments on the next floor up from the ground level—the ''piano nobile''—a convention the architect borrowed from 16th- and 17th-century Italian palace design.<ref>{{harvnb|Berger|1985b|ps=}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}; {{harvnb|Verlet|1985}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

The king's apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the then known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. The queen's apartment formed a parallel enfilade with that of the ''grand appartement du roi''. It served as the residence of three queens of France - Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, wife of [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XIV]], [[Maria Leszczyńska|Marie Leczinska]], wife of [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]], and [[Marie-Antoinette]], wife of [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]]. Additionally, Louis XIV's granddaughter-in-law, [[Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy]], ''duchesse de Bourgogne'', wife of the [[Louis, Duke of Burgundy|Petit Dauphin]], occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to her death in 1712.<ref group=lower-alpha>Six kings were born in this room: [[Philip V of Spain]], [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]], [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]], [[Louis XVII of France|Louis XVII]], [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]], and [[Charles X of France|Charles X]].</ref> After the addition of the [[Hall of Mirrors]] (1678–1684) the king's apartment was reduced to five rooms (until the reign of Louis XV, when two more rooms were added) and the queen's to four.

[[File:Versailles - Plan du premier étage de l'avant corps - Architecture Françoise Tome4 Livre7 Pl8 (apts colored).jpg|thumb|Plan of the main floor in the central part of the palace (c. 1742),<ref>{{harvnb|Blondel|1752–1756}}, vol. 4 (1756), book 7, plate 8; {{harvnb|Nolhac|1898}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=biMoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49 p. 49] (dates Blondel's plan to c. 1742).</ref> showing the ''[[grand appartement du roi]]'' in dark blue, the ''[[appartement du roi]]'' in medium blue, the ''[[petit appartement du roi]]'' in light blue, the ''[[grand appartement de la reine]]'' in yellow, and the ''[[petit appartement de la reine]]'' in red]]

====Appartement du roi (King's Apartment)====
{{Main|Appartement du roi}}

The ''appartement du roi'' is a suite of rooms originally set aside for the personal use of [[Louis XIV]] in 1683. His successors, [[Louis XV]] and [[Louis XVI]], used these rooms for such ceremonies as the ''lever'' and the ''coucher''.

====Petit appartement du roi (King's Private Apartment)====
{{Main|Petit appartement du roi}}

The ''petit appartement du roi'' is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the private use of the king. Occupying the site on which rooms were originally arranged for Louis XIII on the first floor of the château, the space was radically modified by Louis XIV. His successors, Louis XV and Louis XVI had these rooms drastically modified and remodeled for their personal use.

====Petit appartement de la reine (Queen's Private Apartment)====
{{Main|Petit appartement de la reine}}

The petit appartement de la reine is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the personal use of the queen. Originally arranged for the use of the [[Maria Theresa of Spain|Marie-Thérèse]], consort of [[Louis XIV]], the rooms were later modified for use by [[Maria Leszczyńska|Marie Leszczyńska]] and finally for [[Marie-Antoinette]].

====Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors)====
{{Main|Hall of Mirrors}}

The Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors), is perhaps the most celebrated room in the château of Versailles. Setting for many of the ceremonies of the French Court during the [[Ancien Régime]], the Galerie des Glaces has also inspired numerous copies and renditions throughout the world.

The room's construction began in 1678.

====Chapels of Versailles====
{{Main|Chapels of Versailles}}

In the evolution of the palace, there have been five chapels. The current chapel, which was the last major building project of Louis XIV, represents one of the finest examples of [[French Baroque and Classicism|French Baroque]] architecture and ecclesiastical decoration.

====Royal Opera====
{{Main|Royal Opera of Versailles}}

[[Ange-Jacques Gabriel]]'s Royal Opera (Opéra Royal) was perhaps the most ambitious building project of Louis XV for the château of Versailles. Completed in 1770, the Opéra was inaugurated at the time of the wedding festivities of Louis XV's grandson, the Dauphin, future [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]], and [[Marie-Antoinette]].

===={{Anchor|Versailles Museum}}Museum of the History of France====
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{{main|Galerie des Batailles}}

In the 19th century the Museum of the History of France was founded in Versailles, at the behest of [[Louis-Philippe I]], who ascended to the throne in 1830. The entire second floor (''premier étage'') of the Aile du Midi (South Wing) of the palace was transformed into the Galerie des Batailles to house the newly created collection of paintings and sculptures depicting milestones battles of [[French history]]. The collections display painted, sculpted, drawn and engraved images illustrating events or personalities of the history of France since its inception. The museum occupies the lateral wings of the Palace. Most of the paintings date back to the 19th century and have been created specially for the museum by major painters of the time such as [[Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix]], [[Horace Vernet]] or [[François Gérard]] but there are also much older artworks which retrace French History. Notably the museum displays works by [[Philippe de Champaigne]], [[Pierre Mignard]], [[Laurent de La Hyre]], [[Charles Le Brun]], [[Adam Frans van der Meulen]], [[Nicolas de Largillière]], [[Hyacinthe Rigaud]], [[Jean Antoine Houdon]], [[Jean Marc Nattier]], [[Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun]], [[Hubert Robert]], [[Thomas Lawrence]], [[Jacques-Louis David]], [[Antoine Jean Gros]] and also [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]].

====Gallery====
<gallery mode=packed heights=250>
File:Chateau Versailles Galerie des Glaces.jpg|[[Hall of Mirrors]]
File:Versailles Queen's Chamber.jpg|Queen's bedchamber in the ''[[grand appartement de la reine]]''
File:La Galería de las Batallas.JPG|[[Galerie des Batailles]]
File:Versailles Chapel - July 2006 edit.jpg|[[Royal Chapel of Versailles|Chapel]]
File:Opéra du château de Versailles - vue de la salle - DSC 0970.jpg|[[Versailles Opera|Opéra]]
File:A Dripping Fountain, Versailles.jpg|A Dripping Fountain, Versailles
File:Galerie des Glaces par Ranken.jpg|La Galerie des Glaces, Versailles, 1927
File:Salon de la Paix par Ranken.jpg|Salon de la Paix, Versailles, 1927
</gallery>

===Gardens of Versailles===
[[File:Orangerie.jpg|thumb|The [[Orangerie of Versailles]]]]
{{Main|Gardens of Versailles}}

Evolving with the château, the [[gardens of Versailles]] represent one of the finest extant examples of the ''[[jardin à la française]]'' created by [[André Le Nôtre]].

===Subsidiary structures===
{{Main|Subsidiary structures of the Palace of Versailles}}

Located in proximity to the château, these smaller structures served the needs of the royal family and court officials during the [[Ancien Régime]]. They include the Ménagerie royale (1664), demolished; the Trianon de porcelaine (1670), demolished; the [[Grand Trianon]] or Trianon de marbre (Marble Trianon) (1689); the [[Petit Trianon]] (1768); and the [[La Lanterne (Versailles)|Pavillon de la Lanterne]] (1787), a hunting lodge.

==In popular culture==
{{main|List of films shot at the Palace of Versailles}}

;Films
*''[[Madagascar 3]]'' (2012) is an animated film in which sophisticated chimpanzees Mason and Phil dress up as "King of Versailles" in reference to the Palace of Versailles

;Music
*  "The Palace of Versailles" is a song by singer-songwriter [[Al Stewart]], detailing the [[French Revolution]], [[Reign of Terror|The Terror]], and [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon Bonaparte]]'s [[18 Brumaire|military coup]], from the perspective of "the lonely Palace of Versailles"
*On 2 July 2005, the French [[Live 8]] was held in the courtyard of Versailles

;Television
*In the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' episode, "Girl in the Fire Place" (2005), The Doctor met the Madame de Pompadour in the Palace of Versailles
* ''[[Let Them Eat Cake (TV series)|Let Them Eat Cake]]'', a 1999 [[BBC]] comedy starring [[Jennifer Saunders]] and [[Dawn French]], is set within the Palace.
* ''[[Versailles (TV series)|Versailles]]'' is a 2015 British-American-Franco-Canadian television series set during the construction of Versailles Palace during the reign of Louis XIV

;Video games
*''[[Assassin's Creed Rogue]]'' is set in Versailles at the end of the game
*''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]'' is set in Versailles at the beginning of the game
* ''[[Castlevania: Bloodlines]]'' is a [[Konami]] video game in which Versailles is the fifth stage

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=220>
File:Versaillespanoraama2.jpg|Panoramic view from the park
File:Peter Stehlik 2013.04.22 Panorama 1A.jpg|Panoramic view from the city
File:Versailles-Chateau-VueJardins1.jpg|Garden facade from the southwest
File:GrandAppartReine-Versailles.jpg|Salle du Sacre with a view toward Salle des Gardes in the [[Grand appartement de la reine|Queen's Grand Apartment]]
File:VERSAILLES DETAIL.JPG|View of the upper southwest corner of the south wing
File:Versailles chateau.jpg|thumb|right|300px|View of the Palace from the southern part of the Parterre d'Eau, with the bronze statue of the [[Rhône]] River by [[Jean-Baptiste Tuby]] (1687)
File:Cour de Marbre du Château de Versailles October 5, 2011.jpg|thumb|Marble Court

</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Bureau du Roi]]
* [[Châteaux of the Loire Valley]]
* [[List of Baroque residences]]
* [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919]]
* [[Peterhof Palace]]
* [[Tennis Court Oath]] ({{lang-fr|serment du jeu de paume}}) in the Saint-Louis district
* [[Treaty of Versailles]]
* [[Versailles Cathedral]]
{{Portal bar|Kingdom of France}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv |last= Ayers |first= Andrew |title=The Architecture of Paris |publisher=Edition Axel Menges |location=Stuttgart, London |date=2004 |isbn= 9783930698967}}
*{{cite book|ref= harv | last= Berger |first= Robert W. |title= In the Garden of the Sun King: Studies on the Park of Versailles Under Louis XIV |location= Washington, DC |publisher= Dumbarton Oaks Research Library |year= 1985a}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Berger |first= Robert W. |title= Versailles: The Château of Louis XIV |location= University Park |publisher= The College Arts Association |year= 1985b}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Blondel |first= Jacque-François |authorlink=Jacques-François Blondel |title= Architecture françoise, ou Recueil des plans, élévations, coupes et profils des églises, maisons royales, palais, hôtels & édifices les plus considérables de Paris |volume= 4 vols. |location= Paris |publisher= Charles-Antoine Jombert |date= 1752–1756}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Bluche |first= François |title= Louis XIV |location= Paris |publisher= Arthème Fayard |year= 1986}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Bluche |first= François |title= Dictionnaire du Grand Siècle |location= Paris |publisher= Arthème Fayard |year= 1991}}
*{{cite journal |ref= harv |last= Buckland |first= Frances |title= Gobelin tapestries and paintings as a source of information about the silver furniture of Louis XIV |journal= The Burlington Magazine |volume= 125 |issue=  962 |date= May 1983 |pages= 272–283}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Dangeau |first= Philippe de Courcillon, marquis de |title= Journal |location= Paris |date=1854–60}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv |last= Gady |first= Alexandre |chapter= Édifices royaux, Versailles: Transformations des logis sur cour |pages= 171–176 |editor-last=Gady |editor-first=Alexandre |title=Jules hardouin-Mansart 1646–1708 |publisher=Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme |location=Paris |date=2010 |isbn= 9782735111879}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Guiffrey |first= Jules |title= Comptes des bâtiments du roi sous le règne de Louis XIV |location= Paris |publisher= Imprimerie Nationale |volume= 5 vols. |date= 1880–1890}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv |last= Hoog |first= Simone |chapter= Versailles |volume= 32 |pages= 369–374 |editor-last=Turner |editor-first=Jane |title=[[The Dictionary of Art]] |publisher=Grove |location=New York |date=1996 |isbn= 9781884446009}} Also at [http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T089059 Oxford Art Online] (subscription required).
*{{cite journal |ref= harv |last= Kemp |first= Gerard van der |title= Remeubler Versailles |journal= Revue du Louvre |volume= 3 |pages= 135–137 |year=1976
}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= La Varende |first= Jean de |title= Versailles |location=Paris |publisher= Henri Lefebvre |year= 1959}}
*{{cite news |ref= harv |last= Leloup |first= Michèle |title= Versailles en grande toilette |work= L'Express |date= 7 August 2006 |url= http://www.lexpress.fr/mag/arts/dossier/patrimoine/dossier.asp?ida=451314}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Littell |first= McDougal |title= World History: Patterns of Interactions |location= New York |publisher= Houghton Mifflin |year= 2001}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv |last= Maral |first= Alexandre |chapter= Chapelle royale |pages= 215––228 |editor-last=Gady |editor-first=Alexandre |title=Jules hardouin-Mansart 1646–1708 |publisher=Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme |location=Paris |date=2010 |isbn= 9782735111879}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Massie |first= Suzanne |title= Pavlosk: The Life of a Russian Palace |location= Boston |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |year= 1990}}
*{{cite journal |ref= harv |last= Meyer |first= Daniel |authormask= ——— |title= L'ameublement de la chambre de Louis XIV à Versailles de 1701 à nos jours |journal= Gazette des Beaux-Arts |edition= 6th |volume= 113 |date= February 1989 |pages= 79–104}}
* Michelin Tyre PLC (1989). ''Île-de-France: The Region Around Paris''. Harrow [England]: Michelin Tyre Public Ltd. Co. {{ISBN|9782060134116}}.
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Nolhac |first= Pierre de |authorlink=Pierre de Nolhac |title= La création de Versailles sous Louis Quinze |location= Paris |publisher= H. Champion |year= 1898 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biMoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Oppermann |first= Fabien |title= Images et usages du château de Versailles au XXe siècle |type= Thesis |publisher= École des Chartes |year= 2004 |url= http://theses.enc.sorbonne.fr/document128.html}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last1= Saule |first1= Béatrix |last2=Meyer |first2=Daniel |title= Versailles Visitor's Guide |location= Versailles |publisher= Éditions Art-Lys |year= 2000 |isbn=9782854951172}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Verlet |first= Pierre |title= Le château de Versailles |location= Paris |publisher= Librairie Arthème Fayard |year= 1985}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Wawro |first= Geoffrey |title= The Franco-Prussian War: the German conquest of France in 1870–1871 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 2003}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Palace of Versailles}}
{{wikivoyage|Versailles}}
*[http://en.chateauversailles.fr/homepage Official Site]
*[http://www.stockholm360.net/list.php?id=versailles Virtual Tour of the Palace (fullscreen panoramic tour)]
*[http://jasoncoyne.smugmug.com/Vacation/Paris-2005/Versailles/ Large Versailles photo gallery]
*[http://leparcdeversailles.webs.com/ Flickr : Le Parc de Versailles]
*[http://rbsc.princeton.edu/versailles Versailles on Paper (exhibition website)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X235vpOToVU&feature=youtu.be 3D evolution of the Palace of Versailles]

{{World Heritage Sites in France}}
{{Royal Residences in France}}
{{Visitor attractions in Paris}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Palace of Versailles| ]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in France|Versailles, Palace of]]
[[Category:Baroque architecture at Versailles|Versailles]]
[[Category:Baroque palaces|Versailles]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1672]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1684]]
[[Category:Châteaux in France|Versailles, Palace of]]
[[Category:French formal gardens|Versailles (Palace)]]
[[Category:Gardens in Yvelines|Versailles]]
[[Category:Landscape design history of France|Versailles]]
[[Category:Palaces in France|Versailles, Palace of]]
[[Category:French Parliament]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in France]]
[[Category:Royal residences in France|Versailles]]
[[Category:Seats of national legislatures]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in France]]
[[Category:Châteaux in Yvelines]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Yvelines]]
[[Category:Museums in Yvelines]]
[[Category:1684 establishments in France]]