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{{about|sejarah sains dalam tamadun Islam di antara abad ke-8 dan ke-16|maklumat pada sains dalam konteks Islam|Islam dan sains}}
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Satu lagi faktor yang dikemukakan sebagai penyebab kemerosatan sains Islam ialah kitaran ekuiti (kitaran kesaksamaan) berdasarkan model masyhur [[Asabiyyah]] (kebangkitan dan kemerosotan [[tamadun]]) Ibnu Khaldun yang menyatakan bahawa kemerosotan itu ekoran kesan ekonomi dan politik dan bukan agama.<ref name=Hassan/>

=== Pengaruh pada sains Eropah ===
{{main|
Penyumbangan Islam ke Zaman Pertengahan Eropah}}
{{see|Terjemahan bahasa Latin pada abad ke-12}}

Contributing to the growth of European science was the major search by European scholars for new learning which they could only find among Muslims, especially in [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Spain]] and [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Sicily]]. These scholars translated new scientific and philosophical texts from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] into [[Latin]].

One of the most productive translators in Spain was [[Gerard of Cremona]], who translated 87 books from Arabic to Latin,<ref name=Zaimeche/>
including [[Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]]'s ''[[The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing|On Algebra and Almucabala]]'', [[Jabir ibn Aflah]]'s ''Elementa astronomica'',<ref name=Katz/>
[[al-Kindi]]'s ''On Optics'', [[Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī]]'s ''On Elements of Astronomy on the Celestial Motions'', [[al-Farabi]]'s ''On the Classification of the Sciences'',<ref>For a list of Gerard of Cremona's translations see: Edward Grant (1974) ''A Source Book in Medieval Science'', (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Pr.), pp. 35-8 or Charles Burnett, "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century," ''Science in Context'', 14 (2001): at 249-288, at pp. 275-281.</ref>
the [[Alchemy (Islam)|chemical]] and [[Islamic medicine|medical]] works of [[Rhazes|Razi]],<ref name=Bieber/>
the works of [[Thabit ibn Qurra]] and [[Hunayn ibn Ishaq]],<ref>D. Campbell, ''Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages'', p. 6.</ref>
and the works of [[Arzachel]], [[Jabir ibn Aflah]], the [[Banū Mūsā]], [[Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam]], [[Abu al-Qasim]], and [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (including the ''[[Book of Optics]]'').<ref name=Zaimeche/>

Other Arabic works translated into Latin during the 12th century include the works of [[Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī]] and [[Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]] (including ''[[The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing]]''),<ref name=Katz/>
the works of [[Abu al-Qasim]] (including the ''[[al-Tasrif]]''),<ref name=Campbell-3>D. Campbell, ''Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages'', p. 3.</ref><ref name=Zaimeche/>
[[Muhammad al-Fazari]]'s ''Great Sindhind'' (based on the ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'' and the works of [[Brahmagupta]]),<ref>G. G. Joseph, ''The Crest of the Peacock'', p. 306.</ref>
the works of [[Rhazes|Razi]] and [[Avicenna]] (including ''[[The Book of Healing]]'' and ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]''),<ref>M.-T. d'Alverny, "Translations and Translators," pp. 444-6, 451</ref>
the works of [[Averroes]],<ref name=Campbell-3/>
the works of [[Thabit ibn Qurra]], [[al-Farabi]], [[Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī]], [[Hunayn ibn Ishaq]], and his nephew Hubaysh ibn al-Hasan,<ref>D. Campbell, ''Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages'', p. 4-5.</ref>
the works of [[al-Kindi]], [[Abraham bar Hiyya]]'s ''Liber embadorum'', Ibn Sarabi's ([[Serapion]] Junior) ''De Simplicibus'',<ref name=Campbell-3/>
the works of [[Qusta ibn Luqa]],<ref>D. Campbell, ''Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages'', p. 5.</ref>
the works of [[Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti]], [[Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi]], and [[al-Ghazali]],<ref name=Zaimeche>Salah Zaimeche (2003). [http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Main%20-%20Aspects%20of%20the%20Islamic%20Influence1.pdf Aspects of the Islamic Influence on Science and Learning in the Christian West], p. 10. Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.</ref>
the works of [[Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi]], including ''On the Motions of the Heavens'',<ref>[http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/m/michael_sco.shtml ''Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexicon'']</ref><ref name=Bieber/>
[[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi]]'s medical encyclopedia, ''The Complete Book of the Medical Art'',<ref name=Bieber>Jerome B. Bieber. [http://inst.santafe.cc.fl.us/~jbieber/HS/trans2.htm Medieval Translation Table 2: Arabic Sources], [[Santa Fe Community College (Florida)|Santa Fe Community College]].</ref>
[[Abu Mashar]]'s ''Introduction to Astrology'',<ref>Charles Burnett, ed. ''Adelard of Bath, Conversations with His Nephew,'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. xi.</ref>
the works of [[Maimonides]], Ibn Zezla (Byngezla), [[Masawaiyh]], [[Serapion]], al-Qifti, and Albe'thar.<ref>D. Campbell, ''Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages'', p. 4.</ref>
[[Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam]]'s ''Algebra'',<ref name=Katz>V. J. Katz, ''A History of Mathematics: An Introduction'', p. 291.</ref>
the [[Alchemy (Islam)|chemical]] works of [[Geber]], and the ''De Proprietatibus Elementorum'', an Arabic work on [[geology]] written by a [[pseudo-Aristotle]].<ref name=Bieber/> By the beginning of the 13th century, [[Mark of Toledo]] translated the [[Qur'an]] and various [[Islamic medicine|medical works]].<ref>M.-T. d'Alverny, "Translations and Translators," pp. 429, 455</ref>

[[Fibonacci]] presented the first complete European account of the [[Hindu-Arabic numeral system]] from [[Arabic numerals|Arabic sources]] in his ''[[Liber Abaci]]'' (1202).<ref name=Bieber>Jerome B. Bieber. [http://inst.santafe.cc.fl.us/~jbieber/HS/trans2.htm Medieval Translation Table 2: Arabic Sources], [[Santa Fe Community College (Florida)|Santa Fe Community College]].</ref> [[Al-Khazini]]'s ''[[Zij]] as-Sanjari'' was translated into [[Greek language|Greek]] by [[Gregory Choniades]] in the 13th century and was studied in the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref>David Pingree (1964), "Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan Astronomy", ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' '''18''', p. 135-160.</ref> The astronomical corrections to the [[Ptolemaic model]] made by [[al-Battani]] and [[Averroes]] and the non-Ptolemaic models produced by [[Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi]] (Urdi lemma), [[Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī]] ([[Tusi-couple]]) and [[Ibn al-Shatir]] were later adapted into the [[Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican heliocentric]] model. [[Al-Kindi]]'s (Alkindus) law of [[Terrestrial planet|terrestrial]] [[Gravitation|gravity]] influenced [[Robert Hooke]]'s law of [[Astronomical object|celestial]] gravity, which in turn inspired [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]]. [[Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''Ta'rikh al-Hind'' and ''Kitab al-qanun al-Mas’udi'' were translated into Latin as ''Indica'' and ''Canon Mas’udicus'' respectively. [[Ibn al-Nafis]]' ''Commentary on Compound Drugs'' was translated into [[Latin]] by Andrea Alpago (d. 1522), who may have also translated Ibn al-Nafis' ''Commentary on Anatomy in the Canon of Avicenna'', which first described [[pulmonary circulation]] and [[coronary circulation]], and which may have had an influence on [[Michael Servetus]], [[Realdo Colombo]] and [[William Harvey]].<ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/mon4.html Anatomy and Physiology], Islamic Medical Manuscripts, [[United States National Library of Medicine]].</ref> Translations of the algebraic and geometrical works of [[Ibn al-Haytham]], [[Omar Khayyám]] and [[Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī]] were later influential in the development of [[non-Euclidean geometry]] in Europe from the 17th century.<ref>D. S. Kasir (1931). ''The Algebra of Omar Khayyam'', p. 6-7. [[Columbia University Press|Teacher's College Press]], [[Columbia University]], [[New York]].</ref><ref>Boris A. Rosenfeld and Adolf P. Youschkevitch (1996), "Geometry", p. 469, in {{Harv|Morelon|Rashed|1996|pp=447-494}}</ref> [[Ibn Tufail]]'s ''[[Hayy ibn Yaqdhan]]'' was translated into Latin by [[Edward Pococke]] in 1671 and into English by [[Simon Ockley]] in 1708 and became "one of the most important books that heralded the [[Scientific Revolution]]."<ref>Samar Attar, ''The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought'', Lexington Books, ISBN 0-7391-1989-3.</ref> [[Ibn al-Baitar]]'s ''Kitab al-Jami fi al-Adwiya al-Mufrada'' also had an influence on European [[botany]] after it was translated into Latin iSumbangan Islam pada Zaman Pertengahan Eropah}}
{{see|Terjemahan bahasa Latin pada abad ke-12}}

Menyumbang pada perkembangan sains Eropah adalah pencarian utama oleh sarjana Eropah tentang pembelajaran baru yang hanya dapat ditemui di kalangan orang Islam, khususnya di [[al-Andalus]] dan [[Sicily]]. Sarjana-sarjana ini menterjemahkan teks-teks saintifik dan falsafah yang baru dari [[bahasa Arab]] ke [[bahasa Latin]].

Salah seorang penterjemah yang produktif di Sepanyol ialah [[Gerard dari Cremona]], yang menterjemahkan 87 buah buku dari bahasa Arab ke bahasa Latin,<ref name=Zaimeche/> termasuklah ''[[Buku Ringkasan pada Pengiraan dengan Penyelesaian dan Keseimbangan|On Algebra and Almucabala]]'' oleh [[Abu Abdullah Mohammad Ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi|Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]], ''Elementa astronomica'' oleh [[Jabir ibn Aflah]],<ref name=Katz/> ''On Optics'' oleh [[al-Kindi]], ''On Elements of Astronomy on the Celestial Motions'' oleh [[Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī]], ''On the Classification of the Sciences'' oleh [[al-Farabi]],<ref>For a list of Gerard of Cremona's translations see: Edward Grant (1974) ''A Source Book in Medieval Science'', (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Pr.), pp. 35-8 or Charles Burnett, "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century," ''Science in Context'', 14 (2001): at 249-288, at pp. 275-281.</ref> karya-karya [[al-Razi]] tentang [[alkemi]] dan [[perubatan]],<ref name=Bieber/> karya-karya [[Thabit ibn Qurra]] dan [[Hunayn ibn Ishaq]],<ref>D. Campbell, ''Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages'', p. 6.</ref> dan karya-karya [[al-Zarqali]], [[Banū Mūsā]], [[Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam]], [[Abu al-Qasim]], dan [[Ibn al-Haytham]]  (termasuklah ''[[Book of Optics]]'').<ref name=Zaimeche/>

Karya-karya berbahasa Arab lain yang diterjemahkan ke bahasa Latin pada kurun ke-12 termasuklah karya-karya [[Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī]] dan [[Abu Abdullah Mohammad Ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi|Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]],<ref name=Katz/> karya-karya [[al-Zahrawi]] (antaranya ''[[al-Tasrif]]''),<ref name=Campbell-3>D. Campbell, ''Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages'', p. 3.</ref><ref name=Zaimeche/> ''Great Sindhind'' oleh [[Muhammad al-Fazari]] (yang berdasarkan ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'' dan karya-karya [[Brahmagupta]]),<ref>G. G. Joseph, ''The Crest of the Peacock'', p. 306.</ref> karya-karya [[al-Razi]] dan [[Ibnu Sina]] (termasuklah ''[[Kitab Penyembuhan]]'' dan ''[[Kanun Perubatan]]''),<ref>M.-T. d'Alverny, "Translations and Translators," pp. 444-6, 451</ref> karya-karya [[Ibnu Rusyd]],<ref name=Campbell-3/> karya-karya [[Thabit ibn Qurra]], [[al-Farabi]], [[Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī]], [[Hunayn ibn Ishaq]], dan anak saudaranya Hubaysh ibn al-Hasan,<ref>D. Campbell, ''Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages'', p. 4-5.</ref> karya-karya [[al-Kindi]], ''Liber embadorum'' oleh [[Abraham bar Hiyya]], ''De Simplicibus'' oleh Ibn Sarabi ([[Serapion]] Junior),<ref name=Campbell-3/> karya-karya [[Qusta ibn Luqa]],<ref>D. Campbell, ''Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages'', p. 5.</ref> karya-karya [[Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti]], [[Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi]], dan [[al-Ghazali]],<ref name=Zaimeche>Salah Zaimeche (2003). [http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Main%20-%20Aspects%20of%20the%20Islamic%20Influence1.pdf Aspects of the Islamic Influence on Science and Learning in the Christian West], p. 10. Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.</ref> karya-karya [[al-Bitruji]] termasuklah ''On the Motions of the Heavens'',<ref>[http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/m/michael_sco.shtml ''Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexicon'']</ref><ref name=Bieber/> ensiklopedia perubatan [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi]], ''The Complete Book of the Medical Art'',<ref name=Bieber>Jerome B. Bieber. [http://inst.santafe.cc.fl.us/~jbieber/HS/trans2.htm Medieval Translation Table 2: Arabic Sources], [[Santa Fe Community College (Florida)|Santa Fe Community College]].</ref> ''Introduction to Astrology'' oleh [[Abu Mashar]],<ref>Charles Burnett, ed. ''Adelard of Bath, Conversations with His Nephew,'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. xi.</ref> karya-karya [[Maimonides]], Ibn Zezla (Byngezla), [[Masawaiyh]], [[Serapion]], al-Qifti, dan [[Ibnu Baytar]].<ref>D. Campbell, ''Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages'', p. 4.</ref> ''Algebra'' oleh [[Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam]],<ref name=Katz>V. J. Katz, ''A History of Mathematics: An Introduction'', p. 291.</ref> karya alkemi [[Jabir]], dan ''De Proprietatibus Elementorum'', karya berbahasa Arab tentang [[geologi]] yang ditulis oleh seorang [[pseudo-Aristotle]].<ref name=Bieber/> Pada permulaan kurun ke-13, [[Mark dari Toledo]] menterjemahkan [[Qur'an]] dan pelbagai karya-karya perubatan Islam.<ref>M.-T. d'Alverny, "Translations and Translators," pp. 429, 455</ref>

[[Fibonacci]] mempersembahkan laporan Eropah lengkap yang pertama mengenai [[Sistem angka Hindu-Arab]] dari sumber-sumber Arab di dalam ''[[Liber Abaci]]''nya (1202).<ref name=Bieber>Jerome B. Bieber. [http://inst.santafe.cc.fl.us/~jbieber/HS/trans2.htm Medieval Translation Table 2: Arabic Sources], [[Santa Fe Community College (Florida)|Santa Fe Community College]].</ref> ''[[Zij]] as-Sanjari'' oleh [[Al-Khazini]] diterjemahkan ke [[bahasa Yunani]] oleh [[Gregory Choniades]] pada kurun ke-13 dan dikaji di dalam [[Empayar Byzantium]].<ref>David Pingree (1964), "Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan Astronomy", ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' '''18''', p. 135-160.</ref> Pembetulan astronomi terhadap [[model Ptolemy]] dibuat oleh [[al-Battani]] dan [[Ibnu Rusyd]] dan model-model bukan Ptolemy yang dihasilkan oleh [[Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi]] (Urdi lemma), [[Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī]] ([[Ganding Tusi]]) dan [[Ibn al-Shatir]] kemudiannya disadur ke dalam model [[heliosentrik Copernicus]]. Hukum [[graviti]] [[bumi]] [[al-Kindi]] mempengaruhi hukum graviti [[cakerawala]], yang pula mengilhamkan [[Hukum kegravitian semesta Newton]]. ''Ta'rikh al-Hind'' dan ''Kitab al-qanun al-Mas’udi'' oleh [[Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] diterjemahkan ke bahasa Latin dengan judul ''Indica'' dan ''Canon Mas’udicus''. ''Commentary on Compound Drugs'' oleh [[Ibn al-Nafis]] diterjemahkan ke bahasa Latin oleh Andrea Alpago (m. 1522), yang juga mungkin menterjemahkan ''Commentary on Anatomy in the Canon of Avicenna'' tulisan Ibn al-Nafis, yang pertama kali menggambarkan [[peredaran paru-paru]] dan [[peredaran koronari]], dan mungkin mempengaruhi [[Michael Servetus]], [[Realdo Colombo]] dan [[William Harvey]].<ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/mon4.html Anatomy and Physiology], Islamic Medical Manuscripts, [[United States National Library of Medicine]].</ref> Terjemahan karya-karya [[algebra]] dan [[geometri]] [[Ibn al-Haytham]], [[Omar Khayyám]] dan [[Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī]] kemudiannya mempengaruhi perkembangan [[geometri bukan Euclid]] di Eropah dari kurun ke-17.<ref>D. S. Kasir (1931). ''The Algebra of Omar Khayyam'', p. 6-7. [[Columbia University Press|Teacher's College Press]], [[Columbia University]], [[New York]].</ref><ref>Boris A. Rosenfeld and Adolf P. Youschkevitch (1996), "Geometry", p. 469, in {{Harv|Morelon|Rashed|1996|pp=447-494}}</ref> ''[[Hayy ibn Yaqdhan]]'' tulisan [[Ibn Tufail]] diterjemahkan ke bahasa Latin oleh [[Edward Pococke]] pada tahun 1671 dan ke [[bahasa Inggeris]] oleh [[Simon Ockley]] pada tahun 1708 dan menjadi "salah sebuah buku paling penting yang menandakan [[Revolusi Saintifik]]."<ref>Samar Attar, ''The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought'', Lexington Books, ISBN 0-7391-1989-3.</ref> ''Kitab al-Jami fi al-Adwiyah al-Mufradah'' tulisan [[Ibn al-Baitar]] juga mempengaruhi [[botani]] Eropah setelah ia diterjemahkan ke bahasa Latin pada tahun 1758.<ref name=McNeil/>

== Kaedah saintifik ==

Para ahli sains Islam lebih menitikberatkan [[eksperimen|ujikaji]] daripada para pengkaji tamadun purba sebelum mereka (misalnya, ahli falsafah [[Yunani]] lebih cenderung kepada kerasionalan berbanding empirisisme). <ref name=Briffault/><ref name=Durant/> Sikap ini berpunca daripada pemerhatian [[empirik]] yang terkandung di dalam [[Al-Quran|Al-Qur'an]] dan [[Sunnah]] <ref name=Ahmad/><ref>{{quote|"Observe nature and (contracted; show full)
*[http://www.smi.uib.no/paj/Stenberg.html The Islamization of science or the marginalization of Islam]
*[http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslimheritage]
*[http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=309 1001inventions]
*[http://www.science-islam.net/sommaire.php3?lang=en Science and religion in Islam]
*Keith L. Moore, {{YouTube|id=Rb0uZefwQnc|title=The Developing Human}}

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[[Kategori:Zaman Kegemilangan Islam]]