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{{about|sejarah sains dalam tamadun Islam di antara abad ke-8 dan ke-16|maklumat pada sains dalam konteks Islam|Islam dan sains}}
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(contracted; show full)ara asasnya disebabkan nisbah [[sulfur]] dan [[merkuri]] yang berbeza di dalamnya); penyediaan pelbagai bahan (misalnya [[serusit]] asas, [[arsenik]] dan [[antimoni]] daripada [[sulfida]]nya)."<ref name=Zahoor>Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq (1997). [http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/Introl1.html ''Quotations From Famous Historians of Science''], [http://www.cyberistan.org Cyberistan].</ref>}}

=== Sains Bumi ===
{{main|Geografi Islam}}
{{see|Revolusi Pertanian Islam}}




Muslim scientists made a number of contributions to the [[Earth science]]s. [[Alkindus]] was the first to introduce [[experiment]]ation into the Earth sciences.<ref name=Plinio>Plinio Prioreschi, "Al-Kindi, A Precursor Of The Scientific Revolution", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2002 (2): 17-19.</ref> [[Biruni]] is considered a pioneer of [[geodesy]] for his important contributions to the field,<ref name=Ahmed/><ref>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.</ref> along with his significant contributions to [[geography]] and [[geology]].

Among his writings on geology, Biruni wrote the following on the [[geology of India]]:
{{quote|"But if you see the soil of [[India]] with your own eyes and meditate on its nature, if you consider the rounded stones found in earth however deeply you dig, stones that are huge near the mountains and where the rivers have a violent current: stones that are of smaller size at a greater distance from the mountains and where the streams flow more slowly: stones that appear pulverised in the shape of sand where the streams begin to stagnate near their mouths and near the sea - if you consider all this you can scarcely help thinking that India was once a sea, which by degrees has been filled up by the alluvium of the streams."<ref>[[Abdus Salam|A. Salam]] (1984), "Islam and Science". In C. H. Lai (1987), ''Ideals and Realities: Selected Essays of Abdus Salam'', 2nd ed., World Scientific, Singapore, p. 179-213.</ref>}}

John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson write in the ''[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]'':
{{quote|"Important contributions to geodesy and geography were also made by al-Biruni. He introduced techniques to measure the earth and distances on it using [[triangulation]]. He found the [[radius]] of the earth to be 6339.6 km, a value not obtained in the [[Western world|West]] until the 16th century. His ''Masudic canon'' contains a table giving the coordinates of six hundred places, almost all of which he had direct knowledge."<ref name=Biruni/>}}

[[Fielding H. Garrison]] wrote in the ''History of Medicine'':
{{quote|"The [[Saracen]]s themselves were the originators not only of [[algebra]], [[chemistry]], and [[geology]], but of many of the so-called improvements or refinements of civilization..."}}

[[George Sarton]] wrote in the ''Introduction to the History of Science'':
{{quote|"We find in his (Jabir, Geber) writings remarkably sound views on methods of chemical research, a theory on the [[geology|geologic]] formation of [[metal]]s (the six metals differ essentially because of different proportions of [[sulfur|sulphur]] and [[mercury (element)|mercury]] in them)..."<ref name=Zahoor/>}}

In [[geology]], [[Avicenna]] hypothesized on two causes of [[mountain]]s in ''[[The Book of Healing]]'' (1027) and developed the  [[law of superposition]] and concept of [[Uniformitarianism (science)|uniformitarianism]].<ref>Toulmin, S. and Goodfield, J. (1965), ''The Ancestry of science: The Discovery of Time'', Hutchinson & Co., London, p. 64 ([[cf.]] [http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=319 Contribution of Ibn Sina to the development of Earth Sciences])</ref><ref name=Hassani>{{cite web|author=Munim M. Al-Rawi and [[Salim Al-Hassani]]|title=The Contribution of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) to the development of Earth sciences|publisher=FSTC|url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/ibnsina.pdf|date=November 2002|accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref> In [[cartography]], the [[Piri Reis map]] drawn by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] cartographer [[Piri Reis]] in 1513, was one of the earliest [[world map]]s to include the [[Americas]], and perhaps the first to include [[Antarctica]]. His map of the world was considered the most accurate in the 16th century.

The earliest known treatises dealing with [[environmentalism]] and [[environmental science]], especially [[pollution]], were Arabic treatises written by [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Razi]], [[Ibn Al-Jazzar]], [[al-Tamimi]], [[al-Masihi]], [[Avicenna]], [[Ali ibn Ridwan]], [[Abd-el-latif]], and [[Ibn al-Nafis]]. Their works covered a number of subjects related to pollution such as [[air pollution]], [[water pollution]], [[soil contamination]], [[municipal solid waste]] mishandling, and [[environmental impact assessment]]s of certain localities.<ref>L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century", ''Environment and History'' '''8''' (4), pp. 475-488.</ref> [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]], [[al-Andalus]] also had the first [[waste container]]s and [[waste disposal]] facilities for [[litter]] collectionSaintis Muslim membuat sejumlah sumbangan pada [[sains bumi]]. [[Al-Kindi]] merupakan orang pertama yang memperkenalkan peng[[ujikaji]]an kepada sains bumi.<ref name=Plinio>Plinio Prioreschi, "Al-Kindi, A Precursor Of The Scientific Revolution", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2002 (2): 17-19.</ref> [[Al-Biruni]] dianggap sebagai perintis [[geodesi]] kerana sumbangan pentingnya kepada lapangan itu,<ref name=Ahmed/><ref>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.</ref> bersama-sama sumbangan signifikannya kepada [[geografi]] dan [[geologi]].

Di kalangan tulisan beliau tentang geologi, al-Biruni menulis yang berikut tentang [[geologi India]]:
{{quote|"Tetapi jika kamu lihat tanah di [[India]] dengan mata kamu sendiri dan memikirkan tabiatnya, jika kamu fikirkan batu-batu bulat yang ditemui di bumi sedalam mana pun kamu gali, batu-batu yang besar berdekatan gunung dan tempat sungai mempunyai aliran kuat: batu-batu bersaiz lebih kecil berada pada jarak yang lebih jauh daripada gunung dan tempat arus mengalir dengan lebih perlahan: batu-batu yang kelihatan berdebu pasir di tempat arus mula menguncup berhampiran mulutnya dan berhampiran laut - jika kamu fikirkan semua ini, kamu cuma dapat memikirkan bahawa India pada suatu ketika dahulu adalah sebuah laut, yang sedikit demi sedikit dipenuhi dengan lanar arus."<ref>[[Abdus Salam|A. Salam]] (1984), "Islam and Science". In C. H. Lai (1987), ''Ideals and Realities: Selected Essays of Abdus Salam'', 2nd ed., World Scientific, Singapore, p. 179-213.</ref>}}

John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson menulis di dalam ''[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]'':
{{quote|"Beliau memperkenalkan teknik mengukur bumi dan di atasnya menggunakan [[penyegitigaan]]. Beliau mendapati [[jejari]] bumi adalah 6339.6 km, satu nilai yang tidak diperolehi di [[dunia Barat]] sehinggalah kurun ke-16. [[''Kanun Mas'udi'']]nya mengandungi sebuah jadual yang memberikan koordinat 600 buah tempat, hampir kesemuanya yang beliau miliki pengetahuan terus."<ref name=Biruni/>}}

[[Fielding H. Garrison]] menulis di dalam ''History of Medicine'':
{{quote|"Orang Islam mereka sendiri adalah orang yang memulakan bukan sahaja [[algebra]], [[kimia]] dan [[geologi]], tetapi juga banyak apa yang dipanggil pembaikan atau penghalusan peradaban..."}}

[[George Sarton]] menulis di dalam ''Introduction to the History of Science'':
{{quote|"Kita dapati di dalam penulisannya (Jabir ibn Hayyan) pandangan-pandangan kukuh yang luar biasa mengenai kaedah-kaedah kajian kimia, teori tentang pembentukan [[geologi]] [[logam]] (enam logam berbeza secara asasnya disebabkan nisbah [[sulfur]] dan [[merkuri]] yang berbeza di dalamnya)..."<ref name=Zahoor/>}}

Dalam [[geologi]], [[Ibnu Sina]] membuat hipotesis mengenai dua sebab [[gunung]] di dalam ''[[Kitab Penyembuhan]]'' (1027) dan mengembangkan [[hukum tindanan]] dan konsep [[Uniformitarianisme]].<ref>Toulmin, S. and Goodfield, J. (1965), ''The Ancestry of science: The Discovery of Time'', Hutchinson & Co., London, p. 64 ([[cf.]] [http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=319 Contribution of Ibn Sina to the development of Earth Sciences])</ref><ref name=Hassani>{{cite web|author=Munim M. Al-Rawi and [[Salim Al-Hassani]]|title=The Contribution of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) to the development of Earth sciences|publisher=FSTC|url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/ibnsina.pdf|date=November 2002|accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref> Dalam [[kartografi]], [[peta Piri Reis]] yang dilukis oleh ahli kartografi [[Uthmaniyyah]] [[Piri Reis]] pada tahun 1513, merupakan salah satu [[peta dunia]] terawal yang memasukkan [[Amerika]], dan mungkin yang pertama memasukkan [[Antartika]]. Peta dunia beliau dianggap paling tepat pada kurun ke-16.

Karya-karya terawal yang diketahui membicarakan [[environmentalisme]] dan [[sains alam sekitar]], terutamanya [[pencemaran]], adalah karya-karya berbahasa Arab yang ditulis oleh [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Razi]], [[Ibn Al-Jazzar]], [[al-Tamimi]], [[al-Masihi]], [[Ibnu Sina]], [[Ali ibn Ridwan]], [[Abdul latif]], dan [[Ibn al-Nafis]]. Karya-karya mereka mencakupi sebilangan subjek berkaitan pencemaran seperti [[pencemaran udara]], [[pencemaran air]], [[pemalaan tanah]], salah pengendalian [[sisa pepejal bandaran]], dan [[penilaian kesan alam sekitar]] bagi kawasan-kawasan tertentu.<ref>L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century", ''Environment and History'' '''8''' (4), pp. 475-488.</ref> [[Cordoba]] di [[al-Andalus]] juga mempunyai kemudahan [[bekas sisa]] dan [[pelupusan sisa]] yang pertama bagi kutipan [[sampah]].<ref>S. P. Scott (1904), ''History of the Moorish Empire in Europe'', 3 vols, J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London. <br /> F. B. Artz (1980), ''The Mind of the Middle Ages'', Third edition revised, [[University of Chicago Press]], pp 148-50. <br /> ([[cf.]] [http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=441 References], 1001 Inventions)</ref>

=== Physics ===
{{main|Islamic physics}}
(contracted; show full)
*[http://www.smi.uib.no/paj/Stenberg.html The Islamization of science or the marginalization of Islam]
*[http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslimheritage]
*[http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=309 1001inventions]
*[http://www.science-islam.net/sommaire.php3?lang=en Science and religion in Islam]
*Keith L. Moore, {{YouTube|id=Rb0uZefwQnc|title=The Developing Human}}

[[Kategori:Sains Islam]]
[[Kategori:Zaman Kegemilangan Islam]]