Difference between revisions 3689803 and 3690618 on mswiki

{{about|sejarah sains dalam tamadun Islam di antara abad ke-8 dan ke-16|maklumat pada sains dalam konteks Islam|Islam dan sains}}
{{History of science sidebar}}

(contracted; show full)ng Islam meletakkan batu asas bagi perkembangan [[mekanik klasik]] kemudiannya di Eropah awal moden.<ref>Mariam Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", p. 642, in {{Harv|Morelon|Rashed|1996|pp=614-642}}: {{quote|"Arabic statics was an essential link in the progress of world science. It played an important part in the prehistory of classical mechanics in medieval Europe. Without it classical mechanics proper could probably not have been created."}}</ref>

=== Zoolog
y ===
{{see|Islamic medicine|Early Islamic philosophy}}

In the [[zoology]] field of [[biology]], Muslim biologists developed theories on [[evolution]] which were widely taught in medieval Islamic schools. [[John William Draper]], a contemporary of [[Charles Darwin]], considered the "Mohammedan theory of evolution" to be developed "much farther than we are disposed to do, extending them even to [[Inorganic compound|inorganic]] or [[mineral]] things." According to [[al-Khazini]], ideas on evolution were widespread among "common people" in the Islamic world by the 12th century.<ref>[[John William Draper]] (1878). ''History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science'', p. 154-155, 237. ISBN 1-60303-096-4.</ref>

The first Muslim biologist to develop a theory on evolution was [[al-Jahiz]] (781-869). He wrote on the effects of the environment on the likelihood of an animal to survive, and he first described the [[The Origin of Species#Struggle for existence, and natural selection|struggle for existence]].<ref>Conway Zirkle (1941). Natural Selection before the "Origin of Species", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' '''84''' (1), p. 71-123.</ref><ref>Mehmet Bayrakdar (Third Quarter, 1983). "Al-Jahiz And the Rise of Biological Evolutionism", ''The Islamic Quarterly''. [[London]].</ref> Al-Jahiz was also the first to discuss [[food chain]]s,<ref>Frank N. Egerton, "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 6: Arabic Language Science - Origins and Zoological", ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America'', April 2002: 142-146 [143]</ref>
and was also an early adherent of [[environmental determinism]], arguing that the environment can determine the physical characteristics of the inhabitants of a certain community and that the origins of different [[human skin color]]s is the result of the environment.<ref>Lawrence I. Conrad (1982), "Taun and Waba: Conceptions of Plague and Pestilence in Early Islam", ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' '''25''' (3), pp. 268-307 [278].</ref>

[[Ibn al-Haytham]] wrote a book in which he argued for [[evolutionism]] (although not natural selection), and numerous other Islamic scholars and scientists, such as [[Ibn Miskawayh]], the [[Brethren of Purity]], [[al-Khazini]], [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]], [[Nasir al-Din Tusi]], and [[Ibn Khaldun]], discussed and developed these ideas. Translated into Latin, these works began to appear in the West after the [[Renaissance]] and appear to have had an impact on Western science.

[[Ibn Miskawayh]]'s ''al-Fawz al-Asghar'' and the [[Brethren of Purity]]'s ''[[Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity]]'' (''The Epistles of Ikhwan al-Safa'') expressed evolutionary ideas on how species evolved from [[matter]], into [[vapor]], and then [[water]], then [[mineral]]s, then [[plant]]s, then [[animal]]s, then [[ape]]s, and then [[human]]s. These works were known in Europe and likely had an influence on [[Darwinismi ===
{{see|Perubatan Islam|Falsafah Islam Terawal}}

Dalam bidang [[zoologi]] bagi [[biologi]], ahli biologi Muslim mengembangkan teori mengenai [[evolusi]] yang diajarkan secara meluas di [[madrasah]]-madrasah Islam pada Zaman Pertengahan. [[John William Draper]], yang sezaman dengan [[Charles Darwin]], menganggap "teori evolusi pengikut Muhammad" dikembangkan "lebih jauh daripada yang kita terdorong untuk lakukan, yang hinggakan menjangkaui benda-benda [[bukan organik]] atau [[galian]]." Menurut [[al-Khazini]], idea mengenai evolusi tersebar di kalangan "orang awam" di dunia Islam pada kurun ke-12.<ref>[[John William Draper]] (1878). ''History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science'', p. 154-155, 237. ISBN 1-60303-096-4.</ref>

Ahli biologi Muslim pertama yang mengembangkan teori mengenai evolusi adalah [[al-Jahiz]] (781-869).  Beliau menulis kesan-kesan alam sekitar ke atas kemungkinan haiwan untuk bertahan, dan beliau orang pertama yang menggambarkan [[perjuangan untuk kewujudan]].<ref>Conway Zirkle (1941). Natural Selection before the "Origin of Species", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' '''84''' (1), p. 71-123.</ref><ref>Mehmet Bayrakdar (Third Quarter, 1983). "Al-Jahiz And the Rise of Biological Evolutionism", ''The Islamic Quarterly''. [[London]].</ref> Al-Jahiz juga orang pertama yang membincangkan [[rantai makanan]],<ref>Frank N. Egerton, "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 6: Arabic Language Science - Origins and Zoological", ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America'', April 2002: 142-146 [143]</ref>
dan juga penyokong terawal [[fahaman penentuan alam sekitar]], yang berhujah bahawa persekitaran dapat menentukan ciri-ciri fizikal penghuni komuniti tertentu dan bahawa asal [[warna kulit manusia]] yang berbeza-beza adalah hasil daripada persekitaran itu.<ref>Lawrence I. Conrad (1982), "Taun and Waba: Conceptions of Plague and Pestilence in Early Islam", ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' '''25''' (3), pp. 268-307 [278].</ref>

[[Ibn al-Haitham]] menulis sebuah buku yang di dalamnya beliau berhujah tentang [[evolutionisme]] (walaupun bukan pemilihan semulajadi), dan ramai cendekiawan dan saintis Muslim lain, seperti [[Ibn Miskawayh]], [[Persaudaraan Suci]], [[al-Khazini]], [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]], [[Nasir al-Din Tusi]], dan [[Ibn Khaldun]], membincangkan dan mengembangkan ideaa-idea ini. Diterjemahkan ke bahasa Latin, karya-karya ini mula muncul di Barat selepas [[Renaissance]] dan kelihatannya memberi kesan pada sains Barat.

''al-Fawz al-Asghar'' tulisan [[Ibn Miskawayh]] dan ''[[Surat-surat Persaudaraan Suci]]'' oleh [[Persaudaraan Suci]] mengungkapkan idea-idea evolusi mengenai bagaimana spesis berevolusi daripada [[jirim]], kepada [[wap]], dan kemudian [[air]], kemudian [[galian]], kemudian [[tumbuhan]], kemudian [[binatang]], kemudian [[beruk]], dan kemudian [[manusia]]. Karya-karya ini dikenali di Eropah dan kemungkinan mempengaruhi [[Darwinisme]].<ref name=Hamidullah>[[Muhammad Hamidullah]] and Afzal Iqbal (1993), ''The Emergence of Islam: Lectures on the Development of Islamic World-view, Intellectual Tradition and Polity'', p. 143-144. Islamic Research Institute, Islamabad.</ref>

== Sains masyarakat ==
{{main|Sosiologi Islam|Sosiologi Islam Awal}}
{{see|Ekonomi Islam sedunia|Historiografi Islam awal}}

=== Sosiologi dan Antropologi ===

(contracted; show full)
*[http://www.smi.uib.no/paj/Stenberg.html The Islamization of science or the marginalization of Islam]
*[http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslimheritage]
*[http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=309 1001inventions]
*[http://www.science-islam.net/sommaire.php3?lang=en Science and religion in Islam]
*Keith L. Moore, {{YouTube|id=Rb0uZefwQnc|title=The Developing Human}}

[[Kategori:Sains Islam]]
[[Kategori:Zaman Kegemilangan Islam]]