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{{about|sejarah sains dalam tamadun Islam di antara abad ke-8 dan ke-16|maklumat pada sains dalam konteks Islam|Islam dan sains}}
{{History of science sidebar}}

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== Sains masyarakat ==
{{main|Sosiologi Islam|Sosiologi Islam Awal}}
{{see|Ekonomi Islam sedunia|Historiografi Islam awal}}

=== Sosiologi dan Antropologi ===

[[Fail:Ibn Khaldoun.jpg|thumb|[[Ibn Khaldun]], dianggap seorang pelopor beberapa [[sains masyarakat]] seperti [[demografi]], [[
ekonomik]], [[sosiologi]], [[historiography]], [[sejarah budaya]] dan [[falsafah sejarah]].]]

Significant contributions were made to the [[social sciences]] in the Islamic civilization. [[Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] (973-1048) has been described as "the first [[anthropology|anthropologist]]".<ref name=Ahmed>Akbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", ''RAIN'' '''60''', p. 9-10.</ref> He wrote detailed comparative studies on the [[anthropology]] of peoples, religions and cultures in the [[Middle East]], [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] and [[South Asia]]. Biruni's anthropology of religion was only possible for a scholar deeply immersed in the lore of other nations.<ref>J. T. Walbridge (1998). "Explaining Away the Greek Gods in Islam", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' '''59''' (3), p. 389-403.</ref> 
Biruni has also been praised by several scholars for his [[Islam]]ic anthropology.<ref>Richard Tapper (1995). "Islamic Anthropology" and the "Anthropology of Islam", ''Anthropological Quarterly'' '''68''' (3), Anthropological Analysis and Islamic Texts, p. 185-193.</ref> Biruni is also considered a pioneer of [[Indology]].<ref>Zafarul-Islam Khan, [http://milligazette.com/Archives/15-1-2000/Art5.htm At The Threshhold Of A New Millennium – II], ''The Milli Gazette''.</ref> [[Al-Saghani]] (d. 990) wrote some of the earliest comments on the [[history of science]], which included a comparison between the more theoretical approach of the "ancients" (including the [[ancient Egypt]]ians, [[Babylonia]]ns, [[Greeks]] and [[History of India|Indians]]) to that of the more [[experiment]]al approach of the "modern scholars" (the Muslim scientists of his time).<ref>[[Franz Rosenthal]] (1950). "Al-Asturlabi and as-Samaw'al on Scientific Progress", ''Osiris'' '''9''', p. 555-564 [559].</ref> [[Al-Muqaddasi]] (b. 945) also made contributions to the social sciences.

[[Ibn Khaldun]] (1332-1406) is considered a forerunner of several [[social sciences]]<ref>Akbar Ahmed (2002). "Ibn Khaldun’s Understanding of Civilizations and the Dilemmas of Islam and the West Today", ''Middle East Journal'' '''56''' (1), p. 25.</ref> such as [[demography]],<ref name=Mowlana>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.</ref> [[cultural history]],<ref>Mohamad Abdalla (Summer 2007). "Ibn Khaldun on the Fate of Islamic Science after the 11th Century", ''Islam & Science'' '''5''' (1), p. 61-70.</ref> [[historiography]],<ref>Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-356-9.</ref> the [[philosophy of history]],<ref name=Akhtar>Dr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", ''Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture'' '''12''' (3).</ref> [[sociology]],<ref name=Mowlana/><ref name=Akhtar/> and [[economics]].<ref>I. M. Oweiss (1988), "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics", ''Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses'', [[New York University Press]], ISBN 0-88706-698-4.</ref><ref>Jean David C. Boulakia (1971), "Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", ''The Journal of Political Economy'' '''79''' (5): 1105-1118.</ref> He is best known for his ''[[Muqaddimah]]'' ([[Latin]]ized as ''Prolegomenon''). Some of the ideas he introduced in the ''Muqaddimah'' include [[social philosophy]], [[social conflict]] theories, [[Structural cohesion|social cohesion]], [[social capital]], [[social network]]s, [[dialectic]]s, the [[Laffer curve]], the [[historical method]], [[systemic bias]], the rise and fall of [[civilization]]s, [[feedback]] loops, [[systems theory]], and [[corporate social responsibility]]. He also introduced the scientific method into the social sciences.<ref name=Franz>[[Ibn Khaldun]], Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood (1967), ''The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History'', p. x, [[Princeton University Press]], ISBN 0-691-01754-9.</ref>

[[Franz Rosenthal]] wrote in the ''History of Muslim Historiography'':
{{quote|"Muslim [[historiography]] has at all times been united by the closest ties with the general development of scholarship in Islam, and the position of historical knowledge in MusIim education has exercised a decisive influence upon the intellectual level of historicai writing....The Muslims achieved a definite advance beyond previous historical writing in the [[sociology|sociological]] understanding of [[history]] and the systematisation of historiography. The development of modern historical writing seems to have gained considerably in speed and substance through the utilization of a Muslim Literature which enabled western historians, from the seventeenth century on, to see a large section of the world through foreign eyes. The Muslim historiography helped indirectly and modestly to shape present day historical thinkingilmu ekonomi]], [[sosiologi]], [[historiografi]], [[sejarah budaya]] dan [[falsafah sejarah]].]]

Sumbangan signifikan dibuat dalam tamadun Islam terhadap [[sains sosial]]. [[Al-Biruni]] (973-1048) digambarkan sebagai "ahli [[antropologi]]".<ref name=Ahmed>Akbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", ''RAIN'' '''60''', p. 9-10.</ref> Beliau menulis kajian perbandingan yang terperinci tentang [[antropologi]] rakyat, agama dan budaya di [[Timur Tengah]], [[Mediterranean]] dan [[Asia Selatan]]. Antropologi al-Biruni mengenai agama hanya mampu digapai bagi cendekiawan yang terlalu asyik dengan tradisi bangsa-bangsa lain.<ref>J. T. Walbridge (1998). "Explaining Away the Greek Gods in Islam", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' '''59''' (3), p. 389-403.</ref> Al-Biruni juga dipuji oleh beberapa orang cendekiawan kerana antroplogi [[Islam]]nya.<ref>Richard Tapper (1995). "Islamic Anthropology" and the "Anthropology of Islam", ''Anthropological Quarterly'' '''68''' (3), Anthropological Analysis and Islamic Texts, p. 185-193.</ref> Al-Biruni juga dianggap sebagai perintis [[kaji India]].<ref>Zafarul-Islam Khan, [http://milligazette.com/Archives/15-1-2000/Art5.htm At The Threshhold Of A New Millennium – II], ''The Milli Gazette''.</ref> [[Al-Saghani]] (m. 990) menulis beberapa ulasan terawal tentang [[sejarah sains]], yang memasukkan perbandingan antara pendekatan yang lebih teori bagi "generasi kuno" (termasuklah [[Mesir Purba]], [[Babylon]], [[Yunani]] dan [[sejarah India|India]]) dengan pendekatan yang lebih bersifat [[ujikaji]] bagi "cendekiawan kini" (ahli sains Muslim pada zaman beliau).<ref>[[Franz Rosenthal]] (1950). "Al-Asturlabi and as-Samaw'al on Scientific Progress", ''Osiris'' '''9''', p. 555-564 [559].</ref> [[Al-Muqaddasi]] (l. 945) juga membuat sumbangan kepada sains sosial.

[[Ibn Khaldun]] (1332-1406) dianggap sebagai pelopor beberapa [[sains sosial]]<ref>Akbar Ahmed (2002). "Ibn Khaldun’s Understanding of Civilizations and the Dilemmas of Islam and the West Today", ''Middle East Journal'' '''56''' (1), p. 25.</ref> seperti [[demografi]],<ref name=Mowlana>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.</ref> [[sejarah kebudayaan]],<ref>Mohamad Abdalla (Summer 2007). "Ibn Khaldun on the Fate of Islamic Science after the 11th Century", ''Islam & Science'' '''5''' (1), p. 61-70.</ref> [[historiografi]],<ref>Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-356-9.</ref> [[sejarah falsafah]],<ref name=Akhtar>Dr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", ''Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture'' '''12''' (3).</ref> [[sociologi]],<ref name=Mowlana/><ref name=Akhtar/> dan [[ilmu ekonomi]].<ref>I. M. Oweiss (1988), "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics", ''Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses'', [[New York University Press]], ISBN 0-88706-698-4.</ref><ref>Jean David C. Boulakia (1971), "Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", ''The Journal of Political Economy'' '''79''' (5): 1105-1118.</ref> Beliau terkenal dengan ''[[Muqaddimah]]''nya. Sebahagian idea yang diperkenalkan beliau di dalam ''Muqaddimah'' termasuklah [[falsafah sosial]], [[modal sosial]], [[jaringan sosial]], [[dialektik]], [[keluk Laffer]], [[kaedah sejarah]], [[bias sistemik]], jatuh bangun [[tamadun]], gelung [[suap balik]], [[teori sistem]] dan [[tanggungjawab sosial korporat]]. Beliau juga memperkenalkan kaedah saintifik ke dalam sains sosial.<ref name=Franz>[[Ibn Khaldun]], Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood (1967), ''The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History'', p. x, [[Princeton University Press]], ISBN 0-691-01754-9.</ref>

[[Franz Rosenthal]] menulis di dalam ''History of Muslim Historiography'':
{{quote|"[[Historiografi]] Muslim pada setiap masa disatukan oleh ikatan erat dengan perkembangan umum kesarjanaan dalam Islam, dan kedudukan pengetahuan sejarah dalam pendidikan Muslim telah memberikan pengaruh muktamad ke atas tahap intelektual penulisan sejarah.... Orang Islam mencapai kemajuan yang pasti melangkaui penulisan sejarah terdahulu dalam pemahaman [[sosiologi]] [[sejarah]] dan pensisteman historiografi. Perkembangan penulisan sejarah moden kelihatan diperoleh dengan sangat pantas dan berisi menerusi pengunaan kesusasteraan Muslim yang membolehkan sejarawan barat, dari kurun ke-17 ke atas, melihat bahagian dunia yang luas melalui kacamata asing. Historiografi Muslim membantu secara tidak langsung dan sederhana membentuk pemikiran sejarah masa kini."<ref>[http://members.tripod.com/~salems2/historiography.htm Historiography]. The Islamic Scholar.</ref>}}

=== Psychology ===
<!-- fair use image with no rationale for this article.  Hopefully a free one can be found. [[Image:Rhazes.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Al-Razi]] (Rhazes), a pioneer of [[pediatrics]], made significant advances in [[psychiatry]] and wrote early texts on [[psychotherapy]], [[mental health]], and [[mental disorder]]s.]]-->
{{main|Islamic psychology}}

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*[http://www.smi.uib.no/paj/Stenberg.html The Islamization of science or the marginalization of Islam]
*[http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslimheritage]
*[http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=309 1001inventions]
*[http://www.science-islam.net/sommaire.php3?lang=en Science and religion in Islam]
*Keith L. Moore, {{YouTube|id=Rb0uZefwQnc|title=The Developing Human}}

[[Kategori:Sains Islam]]
[[Kategori:Zaman Kegemilangan Islam]]