Difference between revisions 3690747 and 3691127 on mswiki

{{about|sejarah sains dalam tamadun Islam di antara abad ke-8 dan ke-16|maklumat pada sains dalam konteks Islam|Islam dan sains}}
{{History of science sidebar}}

(contracted; show full)an pensisteman historiografi. Perkembangan penulisan sejarah moden kelihatan diperoleh dengan sangat pantas dan berisi menerusi pengunaan kesusasteraan Muslim yang membolehkan sejarawan barat, dari kurun ke-17 ke atas, melihat bahagian dunia yang luas melalui kacamata asing. Historiografi Muslim membantu secara tidak langsung dan sederhana membentuk pemikiran sejarah masa kini."<ref>[http://members.tripod.com/~salems2/historiography.htm Historiography]. The Islamic Scholar.</ref>}}

=== Ps
ychology ===
<!-- fair use image with no rationale for this article.  Hopefully a free one can be found. [[Image:Rhazes.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Al-Razi]] (Rhazes), a pioneer of [[pediatrics]], made significant advances in [[psychiatry]] and wrote early texts on [[psychotherapy]], [[mental health]], and [[mental disorder]]s.]]-->
{{main|Islamic psychology}}

"Islamic [[psychology]]"<ref>{{citation|title=Health and Illness from an Islamic Perspective|first=Majed A.|last=Ashy|journal=Journal of Religion and Health|volume=38|issue=3|date=Fall 1999|pages=241–57|doi=10.1023/A:1022984718794}}</ref> or ''Ilm-al Nafsiat''<ref name=Amber-358/> refers to the study of the ''[[Nafs]]'' ("[[Self (philosophy)|self]]" or "[[Psyche (psychology)|psyche]]")<ref name=Talib/> in the Islamic world and encompassed a "broad range of topics including the ''[[qalb]]'' (heart), the ''[[ruh]]'' (spirit), the ''[['Aql|aql]]'' (intellect) and ''irada'' ([[Will (philosophy)|will]])."<ref name=Amber-358>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' '''43''' (4): 357-377 [358]</ref> [[Al-Kindi]] (Alkindus) was the first to experiment with [[music therapy]],<ref name=Saoud>{{cite web |url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Music2.pdf |title=The Arab Contribution to the Music of the Western World |accessdate=2007-01-12 |format=PDF |author=Saoud, R}}</ref> and [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]] was the first to practice '''al-‘ilaj al-nafs'' ("[[psychotherapy]]").<ref name=Amber>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' '''43''' (4): 357-377 [361-363]</ref> The concepts of ''al-tibb al-ruhani'' ("[[mental health|spiritual health]]") and "mental hygiene" were introduced by [[Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi]],<ref name=Talib>Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", ''The International Medical Journal'' '''4''' (2), p. 76-79.</ref> who was "probably the first [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive]] and [[Medical psychology|medical psychologist]] to clearly differentiate between [[neuroses]] and [[psychoses]], to classify neurotic disorders, and to show in detail how rational and spiritual [[Cognitive therapy|cognitive therapies]] can be used to treat each one of his classified disorders."<ref name=Amber/> [[Al-Razi]] (Rhazes) made significant advances in [[psychiatry]] in his landmark texts ''El-Mansuri'' and ''Al-Hawi'', which presented definitions, symptoms and treatments for [[mental illnesses]] and problems related to mental health. He also ran the [[psychiatric ward]] of a [[Baghdad]] hospital. Such institutions could not exist in Europe at the time because of fear of [[demonic possession]]s.<ref name=Syed>Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2002 (2), p. 2-9 [7].</ref>

[[Al-Farabi]] wrote the first treatises on [[social psychology]] and dealt with [[consciousness]] studies.<ref name=Amber/> In [[al-Andalus]], [[Abulcasis]] pioneered  [[neurosurgery]], while [[Ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar) gave the first accurate descriptions on [[neurological]] disorders and contributed to modern [[neuropharmacology]], and [[Averroes]] suggested the existence of [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", ''Revista de neurología'' '''34''' (9), p. 877-892.</ref> [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi]] discussed  "the relationship between certain psychological events to the physiological changes in the body",<ref name=Talib/> while [[Avicenna]] anticipated the [[word association]] test,<ref name=Syed/> discussed [[neuropsychiatry]] in ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'',<ref>S Safavi-Abbasi, LBC Brasiliense, RK Workman (2007), "The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire", ''Neurosurgical Focus'' '''23''' (1), E13, p. 3.</ref> and described the first [[thought experiment]]s on [[self-awareness]] and [[self-consciousness]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|authorlink=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|coauthors=[[Oliver Leaman]]|title=History of Islamic Philosophy|pages=315 & 1022-1023|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=0415131596}}</ref>

[[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen) is considered by some a forerunner of [[experimental psychology]],<ref name=Khaleefa>Omar Khaleefa (Summer 1999). "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?", ''American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences'' '''16''' (2).</ref> for his experimental work on the psychology of [[visual perception]] in the ''[[Book of Optics]]'',<ref name=Steffens/> where he was the first [[scientist]] to argue that vision occurs in the brain, rather than the eyes. He pointed out that personal experience has an effect on what people see and how they see, and that vision and perception are subjective.<ref name=Steffens>Bradley Steffens (2006). ''Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist'', Chapter 5. Morgan Reynolds Publishing. ISBN 1-59935-024-6.</ref> He was also the first to combine physics and psychology to form psychophysics, and his investigations and experiments on psychology and visual perception included [[sensation]], variations in [[sensitivity]], sensation of [[touch]], [[perception]] of colours, perception of [[darkness]], the psychological explanation of the [[moon illusion]], and [[binocular vision]].<ref name=Khaleefa/> [[Biruni]] was also a pioneer of [[experimental psychology]], as he was the first to [[empirical]]ly describe the concept of [[reaction timeikologi ===
[[Image:Rhazes.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Al-Razi]], seorang perintis [[pediatrik]], membuat kemajuan signifikan dalam [[psikiatri]] dan menulis teks terawal tentang [[psikoterapi]], [[kesihatan mental]] dan [[gangguan mental]].]]
{{main|Psikologi Islam}}

"[[Psikologi]] Islam"<ref>{{citation|title=Health and Illness from an Islamic Perspective|first=Majed A.|last=Ashy|journal=Journal of Religion and Health|volume=38|issue=3|date=Fall 1999|pages=241–57|doi=10.1023/A:1022984718794}}</ref> atau ''Ilm-al Nafsiat''<ref name=Amber-358/> refers to the study of the ''[[Nafs]]'' ("[[Self (philosophy)|self]]" or "[[Psyche (psychology)|psyche]]")
merujuk pada kajian ''[[Nafs]]'' ("[[diri]]" atau "[[psyche]]")<ref name=Talib/> dalam dunia Islam dan merangkumi "aneka jenis topik termasuk ''[[qalb]]'' (hati), ''[[ruh]]'' (roh), ''[['Aql|aql]]'' (akal) dan ''iradah'' ([[kehendak]])."<ref name=Amber-358>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' '''43''' (4): 357-377 [358]</ref> [[Al-Kindi]] merupakan orang pertama yang menjalankan ujikaji dengan [[terapi muzik]],<ref name=Saoud>{{cite web |url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Music2.pdf |title=The Arab Contribution to the Music of the Western World |accessdate=2007-01-12 |format=PDF |author=Saoud, R}}</ref> dan [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]] merupakan orang pertama yang mengamalkan '''al-‘ilaj al-nafs'' ("[[psikoterapi]]").<ref name=Amber>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' '''43''' (4): 357-377 [361-363]</ref> Konsep ''al-tibb al-ruhani'' ("[[kesihatan mental|kesihatan spiritual]]") dan "kebersihan mental" diperkenalkan oleh [[Ahmad ibn Sahl al-Balkhi]],<ref name=Talib>Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", ''The International Medical Journal'' '''4''' (2), p. 76-79.</ref> yang "mungkin [[psikologi perubatan|ahli psikologi perubatan]] [[psikologi kognitif|kognitif]] yang pertama membezakan dengan jelas antara [[neuroses]] dan [[psychoses]], mengkelaskan gangguan neurotik, dan menunjukkan dengan terperinci bagaimana [[terapi kognitif]] rasional dan spiritual dapat digunakan untuk merawat setiap gangguan yang dikelaskannya."<ref name=Amber/> [[Al-Razi]] membuat kemajuan signifikan dalam [[psikiatri]] di dalam teks penting beliau ''El-Mansuri'' dan ''Al-Hawi'', yang menyampaikan takrifan, gejala dan rawatan bagi [[penyakit mental]] dan masalah berkaitan kesihatan mental. Beliau mengadakan [[wad psikiatri]] di [[hospita]] [[Baghdad]]. Institusi sebegitu tidak mungkin wujud di Eropah pada masa itu kerana ketakutan terhadap [[rasukan syaitan]].<ref name=Syed>Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2002 (2), p. 2-9 [7].</ref>

[[Al-Farabi]] menulis karya pertama mengenai [[psikologi sosial]] dan mengendalikan kajian [[kesedaran]].<ref name=Amber/> Di [[al-Andalus]], [[al-Zahrawi]] merintis [[pembedahan saraf]], manakala [[Ibn Zuhr]] memberi gambaran tepat yang pertama tentang gangguan [[neurologi]] dan menyumbang pada [[neurofarmakologi]], dan [[Ibn Rusyd]] mencadangkan kewujudan [[penyakit Parkinson]].<ref>Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", ''Revista de neurología'' '''34''' (9), p. 877-892.</ref> [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi]] membincangkan "hubungan antara kejadian psikologi tertentu dengan perubahan fisiologi di dalam badan",<ref name=Talib/> manakala [[Ibnu Sina]] meramalkan ujian [[asosiasi perkataan]],<ref name=Syed/> membincangkan [[neuropsikiatri]] di dalam ''[[Kanun Perubatan]]'',<ref>S Safavi-Abbasi, LBC Brasiliense, RK Workman (2007), "The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire", ''Neurosurgical Focus'' '''23''' (1), E13, p. 3.</ref> dan menggambarkan [[ujikaji fikiran]] yang pertama tentang [[kesedaran diri]] dan [[sifat malu]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|authorlink=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|coauthors=[[Oliver Leaman]]|title=History of Islamic Philosophy|pages=315 & 1022-1023|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=0415131596}}</ref>

[[Ibn al-Haitham]] dianggap oleh sesetengah pihak sebagai pelopor [[psikologi ujikaji]],<ref name=Khaleefa>Omar Khaleefa (Summer 1999). "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?", ''American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences'' '''16''' (2).</ref> disebabkan hasil kerja ujikajinya tentang psikologi [[tanggapan penglihatan]] di dalam ''[[Kitab Optik]]'',<ref name=Steffens/> yang beliau merupakan [[ahli sains]] pertama yang berhujah bahawa penglihatan berlaku di dalam otak, berbanding di mata. Beliau menegaskan bahawa pengalaman perseorangan memberi kesan kepada apa yang orang lihat dan bagaimana mereka lihat, dan bahawa penglihatan dan tanggapan adalah subjektif.<ref name=Steffens>Bradley Steffens (2006). ''Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist'', Chapter 5. Morgan Reynolds Publishing. ISBN 1-59935-024-6.</ref> He was also the first to combine physics and psychology to form psychophysics, and his investigations and experiments on psychology and visual perception included [[sensation]], variations in [[sensitivity]], sensation of [[touch]], [[perception]] of colours, perception of [[darkness]], the psychological explanation of the [[moon illusion]], and [[binocular vision]].
Beliau juga orang pertama yang menggabungkan fizik dan psikologi untuk membentuk psikofizik, dan penyiasatan dan ujikajinya tentang psikologi dan tanggapan penglihatan termasuklah [[deria rasa]], variasi [[kepekaan]], deria rasa [[sentuhan]], [[tanggapan]] warna, tanggapan [[kegelapan]], penjelasan psikologi tentang [[ilusi bulan]], dan [[penglihatan dwimata]].<ref name=Khaleefa/> [[Al-Biruni]] juga merupakan perintis [[psikologi ujikaji]], kerana beliau orang pertama yang menggambarkan konsep [[masa tindakbalas]] secara [[empirik]].<ref>[[Muhammad Iqbal]], ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]'', "The Spirit of Muslim Culture" ([[cf.]] [http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction] and [http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MI_RRTI/chapter_05.htm])</ref>

== Historiography of Islamic science ==
{{see also|Islam and science|Historiography of early Islam|Early Muslim sociology}}

(contracted; show full)
*[http://www.smi.uib.no/paj/Stenberg.html The Islamization of science or the marginalization of Islam]
*[http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslimheritage]
*[http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=309 1001inventions]
*[http://www.science-islam.net/sommaire.php3?lang=en Science and religion in Islam]
*Keith L. Moore, {{YouTube|id=Rb0uZefwQnc|title=The Developing Human}}

[[Kategori:Sains Islam]]
[[Kategori:Zaman Kegemilangan Islam]]