Difference between revisions 4788500 and 5199249 on mswiki

{{Proses/BukanTeamBiasa}}{{terjemahan|en|Science and technology in Iran}}
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[[Parsi]] adalah sebuah tempat bermulanya sains dalam zaman-zaman yang lebih terdahulu. [[Iran Raya|Ahli sains Parsi]] menyumbang pada kefahaman [[alam semula jadi]], [[perubatan]], [[matematik]] dan [[falsafah]]. Orang Parsi telah membuat sumbangan penting pada [[algebra]] dan [[kimia]], mencipta mesin kuasa angin, dan [[penyulingan]] [[alkohol]] pertama. Mencuba untuk membangkitkan zaman kegemilangan sains Parsi, ah(contracted; show full)

Windwheels dibangunkan oleh [[Orang Babylon]] ca. 1700&nbsp;SM untuk mengepam air untuk irrigasi. Pada kurun ke-7, jurutera Parsi di [[Afghanistan]] membangunkan mesin kuasa angin yang lebih maju, [[kincir angin]], membina model asas dibangunkan oleh orang Babylon.<ref>[http://www.psigate.ac.uk/newsite/physics_timeline.html Intute: Science, Engineering and Technology<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>
[http://web.archive.org/20090702014300{{Cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/ashishmsu/phytimeline.htm |title=New Page 1<!-- Bot generated title -->] |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702014300/http://www.geocities.com/ashishmsu/phytimeline.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Falsafah zaman Islam dipengaruhi oleh [[Greece]], [[India]], dan oleh Iran dari zaman sebelum Islam. Ibn Khurram mengarang dalam bukunya "al Melal wa al-Nehal" yang [[Al-Razi|Muhammad Bin Zakaria Razi]] | (Rhazes) mengambil dari orang Iran yang kuno lima prinsip yang mana dia mempercayai:

#Creator- Ahuramazda
#Satan-Ahriman
#Moment-Time
#Place-Locality
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Perubatan akademik moden bermula di Iran apabila [[Joseph Cochran]] mendirikan sebuah kolej perubatan di [[Urmia]] pada 1878. Cochran sering dihargai dengan mengasaskan "kolej perubatan sezaman pertama" Iran.<ref>[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/0252/0252127.htm Archives Of Iranian Medicine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The website of [[Urmia University]] credits Cochran for "lowering the infant mortality rate in the region"<ref>
[{{Cite web |url=http://www.urmia.ac.ir/intro.htm |title=Introduction to Urmia University<!-- Bot generated title -->] |access-date=2010-02-11 |archive-date=2007-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608120732/http://www.urmia.ac.ir/intro.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> dan dengan mengasaskan salah satu dari hospital moden pertama Iran (Hospital Westminister) di Urmia.

====Astronomi====
{{see|Astronomi pada zaman pertengahan Islam}}

Pada 1000&nbsp;AM, [[Biruni]] menuliskan sebuah ensiklopedia astronomi yang membincangkan kemungkinan bahawa bumi mungkin bumi mengelilingi matahari. Ini adalah sebelum [[Tycho Brahe]] melukiskan peta-peta pertama langit, mengunakan haiwan digayakan untuk menggambarkan gugusan bintang.

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====Gambaran keseluruhan====
{{seealso|harta milik intelektual di Iran}}
[[Image:IUST GATE.jpg|thumb|200 px|Pintu masuk [[Universiti Iran Sains dan Teknologi]].]]

Theoretical and computational sciences are highly developed in Iran. Theoretical physicists and chemists regularly publish works in high [[impact factor]] journals.<ref name="iran-daily.com">
http{{Cite web |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3426/html/science.htm |title=salinan arkib |access-date=2009-06-20 |archive-date=2009-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620074438/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3426/html/science.htm#s386553 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the limitations in funds, facilities, and international collaborations, Iranian scientists have been very productive in several experimental fields such as [[pharmacology]], [[pharmaceutical chemistry]], and organic and polymer [[chemistry]]. Iranian [[Biophysics|biophysicists]], especially molecular biophysicists, have gained international reputations since the 1990s{{Fact|date=January 2009}}. High field [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] facility, micro[[calorimetry]], [[circular dichroism]], and instruments for single protein channel studies have been provided in Iran during the past two decades. [[Tissue engineering]] and research on [[biomaterial]]s have just started to emerge in biophysics departments. According to the State Registration Organization of Deeds and Properties, a total of 9,570 national [[invention]]s was registered in Iran during 2008. Compared with the previous year, there was a 38-percent increase in the number of inventions registered by the organization.<ref>http{{Cite web |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3372/html/science.htm |title=salinan arkib |access-date=2009-04-15 |archive-date=2009-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415053429/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3372/html/science.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Kerjasama Saintifik====
{{seealso|Kumpulan penyelidikan utama di Iran|Sekatan terhadap ahli sains Iran}}
Iran annually hosts international science festivals. The International [[The position of Iranians in scientific competitions#Kharazmi Festival|Kharazmi Festival]] in Basic Science and The Annual [[The position of Iranians in scientific competitions#Razi Medical Sciences Research Festival|Razi Medical Sciences Research Festival]] promote original research in science, technology, and medi(contracted; show full)
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====Perubatan====
{{seealso|Jagaan kesihatan di Iran}}
Clinical sciences are highly developed in Iran. In areas such as [[rheumatology]], [[hematology]], and [[Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|bone marrow trasplantation]], Iranian medical scientists are among the world leaders.<ref>
http{{Cite web |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3403/html/science.htm |title=salinan arkib |access-date=2009-05-23 |archive-date=2009-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523083512/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3403/html/science.htm#s380415 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Research Center (HORC) of [[Tehran University of Medical Sciences]] in Shariati Hospital was established in 1991. Internationally, this center is one of the largest bone marrow transplantation centers and has carried out a large number of successful transplantations.<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.tums.ac.ir/research/BMT/]{{Dead link|date=March 2008 |title=salinan arkib |access-date=2010-02-11 |archive-date=2004-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041102225049/http://www.tums.ac.ir/research/BMT/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to a study conducted in 2005, associated specialized pediatric hematology and oncology (PHO) services exist in almost all major cities throughout the country, where 43 board-certified or eligible pediatric hematologist–oncologists are giving care to children suffering from cancer or hematological disorders. Three children’s medical centers at universities have approved PHO fellowship programs.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&li(contracted; show full)e entire [[Nuclear fuel cycle|cycle for producing nuclear fuel]].<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090411/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_iran_nuclear_4</ref> Iranian scientists are also helping to construct the Compact Muon Solenoid, a detector for the Large Hadron Collider of the European Organization for Nuclear Research ([[CERN]]) that is due to come online in 2008{{Fact|date=January 2009}}. Iran is also involved in the developement of a domestic [[Linear particle accelerator]] (LINAC) (2009).<ref>
http{{Cite web |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3380/html/science.htm |title=salinan arkib |access-date=2009-04-26 |archive-date=2009-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426055231/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3380/html/science.htm#s374145 |url-status=live }}</ref>
It is among the few countries in the world that has the technology to produce [[zirconium]] alloys.<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iran/esfahan-nuke.htm</ref><ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iran/2005/iran-051114-rferl01.htm</ref>

====Sains komputer====
{{seealso|Komunikasi Iran}}
[http://sharif.ac.ir/~cedra/ Center of  Excellence in Design,  Robotics, and  Automation] was established in 2001 to promote educational and research activities in the fields of design, [[robotics]], and [[automation]]. Besides these professional groups, several robotics groups work in Iranian high schools.<ref>[http://www.payvand.com/news/03/nov/1072.html Iranian High Schools Establish Robotics Groups<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>''Ultra Fast Microprocessors Research Center'' in Tehran’s [[Amir Kabir University]] successfully built a [[supercomputer]] in 2007.<ref>http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1198517207339&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull</ref> Maximum processing capacity of the supercomputer is 860 billion operations per second. Iran’s first supercomputer launched in 2001 was also fabricated by Amir Kabir University.<ref>http{{Cite web |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1386/3015/html/index.htm |title=salinan arkib |access-date=2007-07-10 |archive-date=2007-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710075729/http://www.iran-daily.com/1386/3015/html/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, a SUSE Linux-based HPC system  made by the [[Aerospace Research Institute of Iran]] (ARI) was launched with 32 cores and now runs 96 cores. Its performance was pegged at 192 GFLOPS.<ref>http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=knowledge_center&articleId=340338&taxonomyId=1&intsrc=kc_top</ref> The Routerlab team at the [[University of Tehran]] successfully designed and implemented an access-[[router]] (RAHYAB-300) and a 40Gbps high capacity switch fabric ([[UTS (Mainframe UNIX)|UTS]]).<ref>http://web.ut.ac.ir/routerlab</ref>

====Nanoteknologi====
[[Image:SarboloukiMN.JPG|thumb|right|[[Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki]], ahli sains berpengaruh dan pengasas pusat penyelidikan biobahan pertama di Iran]]
Iran ranked 25th in the world in Nanotechnology in 2007 with highest, ranked paper citation international mean, amongst all Islamic countries and only second to S.Korea in Asia.<ref name="berr.gov.uk">http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file11959.pdf</ref> They are now 15th (2010) in the world ranking.<ref>http://en.nano.ir/index.php</ref><ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/bm/newsworld.php?id=453647]</ref> In 2007 Iranian scientists at the Medical Sciences and Technology Center succeeded in mass producing an advanced scanning microscope—the [[Scanning Tunneling Microscope]] (STM).<ref>http{{Cite web |url=http://iran-daily.com/1386/2847/html/index.htm |title=salinan arkib |access-date=2007-07-10 |archive-date=2007-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710075729/http://iran-daily.com/1386/2847/html/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====teknologi angkasa====
{{seealso|Agensi Angkasa Iran}}
Pada Ogos 17, 2008, [[Agensi Angkasa Iran]] proceeded with the second test launch of a three stages [[Safir (rocket)|Safir]] SLV from a site south of [[Semnan]] in the northern part of the [[Dasht-e Kavir|Dasht-e-Kavir desert]]. The ''Safir'' (Ambassador) satellite carrier successfully launched the [[Omid (satellite)|Omid satellite]] into orbit in February 2009.<ref>{{citeweb|title=Iran says it has put first du(contracted; show full)government has committed 150 billion rials (roughly $17.5 million) for a [[telescope]], an observatory, and a training program, all part of a plan to build up the country's [[astronomy]] base. Iran wants to collaborate internationally and become internationally competitive in astronomy, says the University of Michigan's Carl Akerlof, an adviser to the Iranian project. "For a government that is usually characterized as wary of foreigners, that's an important development".<ref>
[{{Cite web |url=http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-57/iss-7/p28a.html |title=Physics Today July 2004 - Iran Invests in Astronomy<!-- Bot generated title -->] |access-date=2010-02-11 |archive-date=2004-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041020012012/http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-57/iss-7/p28a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Sumbangan Iran dan asal-usul orang Iran pada sains moden==
{{Main|List of contemporary Iranian scientists, scholars, and engineers}}

[[Image:Ahmad Reza Dehpour.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ahmad Reza Dehpour]], Iran's most prolific researcher of the year 2006.]]

(contracted; show full)<ref> [http://www.pldesignline.com/212901763?cid=RSSfeed_programmablelogicdesignline_pldlRSS]</ref><ref>[http://issuu.com/sundance/docs/enews/4] </ref><ref> [http://www.sundancedsp.com/products.php?action=detail&param=72]</ref><ref>[http://www10.edacafe.com/nbc/articles/view_article.php?section=ICNews&articleid=618339]</ref>
*[[Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki]], invention of dendrosome <ref>[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/73501625/abstract]
{{Pautan putus|date=Ogos 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Penempatan Antarabangsa==

*According to the [[Institute for Scientific Information]] (ISI), Iran increased its [[academic publishing]] output nearly tenfold from 1996 to 2004, and has been ranked first globally in terms of output growth rate (followed by China with a 3 fold increase).<ref>[http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file27330.pdf PSA target metrics for the UK research base]</ref><ref>http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file27330.pdf</ref> In comparison, the only [[G8]] countries in top 20 ranking with fastest performance improvement are, Italy which stands at tenth and Canada at 13th globally.<ref>http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file27330.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file27330.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.softmachines.org/wordpress/?p=216</ref> Iran, China, [[India]] and [[Brazil]] are the only developing countries among 31 nations with 97.5% of the world's total scientific productivity. The remaining 162 developing countries contribute less than 2.5% of the world's scientific output.<ref>http://www.scidev.net/en/news/china-brazil-and-india-lead-southern-science-outp.html</ref> Despite the massive improvement from 0.0003% of the global scientific output in 1970 to 0.29% in 2003, still Iran's total share in the world's total output remains small.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/j3w865q255vgr260/fulltext.pdf?page=1 |title=salinan arkib |access-date=2010-02-11 |archive-date=2020-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423235041/http://www.springerlink.com/content/j3w865q255vgr260/fulltext.pdf?page=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

*Iran ranked 49th for citations, 42nd for papers, and 135th for citations per paper.<ref>[http://www.in-cites.com/countries/iran2006.html Essential Science Indicators]</ref> Their publication rate in international journals has quadrupled during the past decade. Although it is still low compared with the developed countries, this puts Iran in the first rank of Islamic countries.<ref name=nature>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/full/441932d.html Education and training put Iran ahead of richer states]</ref> According to a British government study (2002), Iran ranked 30th in the world in terms of scientific impact.<ref name="berr.gov.uk"/> 

*According to a report by SJT (A spanish sponsored scientific data data) Iran ranks 25th in the world in scientific publications by volume 2007 (a huge leap from rank 40 few years before)<ref>http://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank...=0&min_type=it  {{Pautan putus|date=Ogos 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

*In 2008 report by [[Institute for Scientific Information]] (ISI), Iran ranked 32, 46 and 56 in [[Chemistry]], [[Physics]] and [[Biology]] respectively among all science producing countries. <ref>[http://www.mehrnews.ir/NewsPrint.aspx?NewsID=678634 Iranian science according to ISI (2008)]</ref>Iran ranked 15th in 2009 in the field of nanotechnology in terms of presenting articles.<ref>http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/bm/newsworld.php?id=453647</ref>

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*[http://www.science-academy.org/ Science Academy]
*[http://www.SharifThinkTank.com/ Sharif ThinkTank]
*[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/452781a.html ''Nature'' editorial: All eyes north]
*[http://www.payvand.com/news/08/dec/1282.html Saba Valadkhan: Seeking for a prospective Nobel Prize!]
*[http://www.iranreview.org/content/view/663/37/ Scientific advances of Iranians]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328222823/http://www.iranreview.org/content/view/663/37 |date=2010-03-28 }}

{{Topik Asia|Sains dan teknologi di|countries_only=y}}

[[Kategori:Sains dan teknologi di Iran| ]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah sains Islam|Iran]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Parsi]]
[[Kategori:Ekonomi Iran]]