Difference between revisions 4795142 and 4795144 on mswiki

{{Proses/BukanTeamBiasa}}
{{Otheruses}}
[[Fail:2064 aryabhata-crp.jpg|thumb|300px|Arca Aryabhata di tapak [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|IUCAA]], [[Pune]]. Dengan tiadanya maklumat diketahui mengenai rupawannya, apa-apa imej Aryabhata berasal dari konsepsi artis.]]
(contracted; show full)a tradisi Hindu dan Buddha, serta [[Bhāskara I]] (629 M), mengenal pasti Kusumapura sebagai [[Pāṭaliputra]], moden [[Patna]].<ref name=sarma/> Sebuah ayat menyebutkan bahawa Aryabhata adalah ketua institusi (''{{IAST|kulapa}}'') di Kusumapura, dan, kerana universiti [[Nalanda]] berada di Pataliputra pada masa itu dan memiliki sebuah balai cerap astronomi, dikhabarkan bahawa Aryabhata mungkin juga merupakan ketua universiti Nalanda.<ref name=sarma/>

=== Hipotesis Kerala ===

It has also been suggested that ''aśmaka'' (Sanskrit for "stone") might be the region in Kerala that is now known as Koṭuṅṅallūr, based on the belief that it was earlier known as Koṭum-Kal-l-ūr ("city of hard stones"); however, old records show that the city was actually Koṭum-kol-ūr ("city of strict governance").<ref name=sarma/> It is also claimed that the fact that several commentaries on the Aryabhatiya have come from Kerala suggest that it was Aryabhata's main place of life and activity. But [[K. V. Sarma]], the authority on Kerala's astronomical tradition,<ref name=kch1/> disagrees and cites many commentaries that have come from outside Kerala and the Aryasiddhanta's being completely unknown in Kerala.<ref name=sarma/> In recent (2007) papers, K. Chandra Hari uses a discrepancy in Aryabhata's astronomical values to deduce that he carried out his calculations from a place in Kerala at the same meridian as Ujjayini, possibly Chamravattam (10°N51, 75°E45) in central [[Kerala]]. He further hypothesizes that Asmaka was the Jain country surrounding [[Shravanabelagola]], taking its name from the stone monoliths there.<ref name=kch1>K. Chandra Hari, [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252007/1177.pdf "Critical Evidence to Fix the Native Place of Āryabhat̟a-I"], ''Current Science'', Vol. 93, Issue 8, 25 October 2007</ref><ref>K. Chandra Hari, [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252007/1870.pdf "Alleged Mistake of Āryabhat̟a — Light onto His Place of Observation"], ''Current Science'' Vol. 93, Issue 12, 25 December 2007, pp. 1870–73.</ref><ref>K. Chandra Hari, [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jan102008/132.pdf "Āryabhat̟a on the Heliacal Rise and Set of Canopus"], ''Current Science'', Vol. 94, Issue 1, 10 January 2008</ref>

Aryabhata mentions "Lanka" on several occasions in the Aryabhatiya, but his "Lanka" is an abstraction, standing for a point on the equator at the same longitude as his Ujjayini.<ref>{{Harvnb|Clark|1930}}, p. 68</ref><ref>{{citation | year=2000 | title = Indian Astronomy: An Introduction | author1=S. Balachandra Rao | publisher=Orient Blackswan | isbn=9788173712050 | page=82 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=N3DE3GAyqcEC&pg=PA82&dq=lanka}}: "In Indian astronomy, the prime meridian is the great circle of the Earth passing through the north and south poles, Ujjayinī and Laṅkā, where Laṅkā was assumed to be on the Earth's equator."</ref><ref>{{citation | year=2003 | title = ''Ancient Indian Astronomy'' | author1=L. Satpathy | publisher=Alpha Science Int'l Ltd. | isbn=9788173194320 | page=200 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nh6jgEEqqkkC&pg=PA200&dq=lanka}}: "Seven cardinal points are then defined on the equator, one of them called Laṅkā, at the intersection of the equator with the meridional line through Ujjaini. This Laṅkā is, of course, a fanciful name and has nothing to do with the island of Sri Laṅkā."</ref><ref>{{citation | title = ''Classical Muhurta'' | author1=Ernst Wilhelm | publisher=Kala Occult Publishers | isbn=9780970963628 | page=44 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3zMPFJy6YygC&pg=PA44&dq=lanka}}: "The point on the equator that is below the city of Ujjain is known, according to the Siddhantas, as Lanka. (This is not the Lanka that is now known as Sri Lanka; Aryabhata is very clear in stating that Lanka is 23 degrees south ofJuga disarankan bahwa ''aśmaka'' (bahasa Sansekerta untuk "batu") mungkin merupakan wilayah di Kerala yang sekarang dikenal sebagai Koṭuṅṅallūr, berdasarkan kepercayaan bahwa sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Koṭum-Kal-l-ūr ("bandar batu keras"); namun, catatan lama menunjukkan bahawa kota itu sebenarnya Koṭum-kol-ūr ("kota pemerintahan yang ketat").<ref name=sarma/> Juga didakwa bahawa kenyataan bahawa beberapa ulasan mengenai Aryabhatiya berasal dari Kerala menunjukkan bahawa itu adalah tempat hidup dan aktiviti utama Aryabhata. Tetapi [[K. V. Sarma]], wewenang tradisi astronomi Kerala,<ref name=kch1/> tidak setuju dan mengutip banyak komen yang datang dari luar Kerala dan Aryasiddhanta tidak diketahui sepenuhnya di Kerala.<ref name=sarma/> Dalam makalah terbaru (2007), K. Chandra Hari menggunakan perbezaan nilai astronomi Aryabhata untuk menyimpulkan bahawa dia melakukan perhitungannya dari tempat di Kerala pada meridian yang sama dengan Ujjayini, mungkin Chamravattam (10°N51, 75°E45) di tengah [[Kerala]]. Dia kemudian membuat hipotesis bahawa Asmaka adalah negara Jain yang mengelilingi [[Shravanabelagola]], mengambil namanya dari monolit batu di sana.<ref name=kch1>K. Chandra Hari, [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252007/1177.pdf "Critical Evidence to Fix the Native Place of Āryabhat̟a-I"], ''Current Science'', Jilid 93, Isu 8, 25 Oktober 2007</ref><ref>K. Chandra Hari, [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252007/1870.pdf "Alleged Mistake of Āryabhat̟a — Light onto His Place of Observation"], ''Current Science'' Jilid 93, Isu 12, 25 Disember 2007, ms. 1870–73.</ref><ref>K. Chandra Hari, [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jan102008/132.pdf "Āryabhat̟a on the Heliacal Rise and Set of Canopus"], ''Current Science'', Jilid 94, Isu 1, 10 Januari 2008</ref>

Aryabhata menyebut "Lanka" dalam beberapa kesempatan di Aryabhatiya, tetapi "Lanka" miliknya adalah abstraksi, berdiri untuk titik di khatulistiwa pada garis bujur yang sama dengan Ujjayini.<ref>{{Harvnb|Clark|1930}}, p. 68</ref><ref>{{citation | year=2000 | title = Indian Astronomy: An Introduction | author1=S. Balachandra Rao | publisher=Orient Blackswan | isbn=9788173712050 | page=82 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=N3DE3GAyqcEC&pg=PA82&dq=lanka}}: "Dalam astronomi India, meridian utama adalah lingkaran besar Bumi yang melintasi kutub utara dan selatan, Ujjayinī dan Laṅkā, di mana Laṅkā dianggap berada di khatulistiwa Bumi."</ref><ref>{{citation | year=2003 | title = ''Ancient Indian Astronomy'' | author1=L. Satpathy | publisher=Alpha Science Int'l Ltd. | isbn=9788173194320 | page=200 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nh6jgEEqqkkC&pg=PA200&dq=lanka}}: "Tujuh titik kardinal kemudian didefinisikan di khatulistiwa, salah satunya disebut Laṅkā, di persimpangan khatulistiwa dengan garis meridional melalui Ujjaini. Laṅkā ini, tentu saja, nama yang indah dan tidak ada kaitan dengan pulau Sri Laṅkā."</ref><ref>{{citation | title = ''Classical Muhurta'' | author1=Ernst Wilhelm | publisher=Kala Occult Publishers | isbn=9780970963628 | page=44 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3zMPFJy6YygC&pg=PA44&dq=lanka}}: "Titik di khatulistiwa yang berada di bawah kota Ujjain dikenal, menurut Siddhantas, sebagai Lanka. (Ini bukan Lanka yang sekarang dikenal sebagai Sri Lanka; Aryabhata sangat jelas dalam menyatakan bahawa Lanka berada 23 darjah di selatan Ujjain.)"</ref><ref>{{citation | year=2006 | title = ''Pride of India: A Glimpse into India's Scientific Heritage'' | author1=R.M. Pujari | author2=  Pradeep Kolhe | author3=  N. R. Kumar | publisher=SAMSKRITA BHARATI | isbn=9788187276272 | page=63 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sEX11ZyjLpYC&pg=PA63&dq=lanka}}</ref><ref>{{citation | year=1989 | title = ''The Surya Siddhanta: A Textbook of Hindu Astronomy'' | author1=E(contracted; show full)
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 476]]
[[Kategori:Kematian 550]]
[[Kategori:Ahli matematik abad ke-5]]
[[Kategori:Ahli matematik abad ke-6]]
[[Kategori:Ahli astronomi India]]
[[Kategori:Ahli matematik India silam]]
[[Kategori:Ahli astronomi zaman pertengahan]]