Difference between revisions 5066234 and 5199235 on mswiki

{{Proses/BukanTeamBiasa}}{{about|sejarah sains dalam tamadun Islam di antara abad ke-8 dan ke-16|maklumat pada sains dalam konteks Islam|Islam dan sains}}
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(contracted; show full)riffault/> Pandangan pengajian terkini seperti ditonjolkan Toby E. Huff,<ref name=Huff>{{Harv|Huff|2003}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|title=Seeking the Origins of Modern Science? Review of Toby E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West|url=http://www.riifs.org/review_articles/review_v1no2_sliba.htm|journal=Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies|volume=1|issue=2|date=Autumn 1999|accessdate=2008-04-10
|archive-date=2008-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509062023/http://www.riifs.org/review_articles/review_v1no2_sliba.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Will Durant]],<ref name=Durant/> [[Fielding H. Garrison]],<ref name=Garrison/> [[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref name=Iqbal/> [[Hossein Nasr]] dan [[Bernard Lewis]],<ref>{{citation|title=End the Biggest Educational and Intellectual Blunder in History: A $100,000 Challenge to Our Top Educational Leaders|first=Norman W.|last=Edmund|publisher=Scientific Method Publishing|year=2005|isbn=0963286668|page=447}}</ref> ialah para [[Senarai ahli sains Islam|ahli sains Islam]] menyu(contracted; show full)gol dalam kurun ke-13. Pihak Mongol memusnahkan perpustakaan, balai cerap, hospital dan universiti Islam, berpuncak dengan [[Peperangan Baghdad (1258 M)|pemusnahan Baghdad]] pada tahun 1258 M. Baghdad merupakan ibu negeri [[Kerajaan Bani Abbasiyyah|Kekhalifahan Abbasiyyah]] serta pusat intelek Islam dan kemusnahannya dianggap sebagai titik berakhirnya Zaman Kegemilangan Islam.<ref>Erica Fraser. [http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/learning/conclusion.html The Islamic World to 1600]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815080358/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/learning/conclusion.html |date=2009-08-15 }}, [[University of Calgary]].</ref>

Bermula pada abad ke-13, beberapa orang Islam berpandangan tradisional menganggap pencerobohan tentera Salib dan Mongol sebagai hukuman yang diturunkan ke atas orang Islam kerana mereka telah menyimpang daripada [[Sunnah]], satu pendirian yang juga disokong oleh seorang [[polymath]] termasyhur, Ibn al-Nafis.<ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn a(contracted; show full)hat He scatters through the earth; in the change of the winds, and the clouds which they trail like their slaves between the sky and the earth - (Here) indeed are Signs for a people that are wise.}}</ref> dan kaedah ketat [[sejarah]] yang diasaskan dalam kajian [[Hadith|hadith]].<ref name=Ahmad>Ahmad, I. A. (June 3, 2002), [http://images.agustianwar.multiply.com/attachment/0/RxbYbQoKCr4AAD@kzFY1/IslamicCalendar-A-Case-Study.pdf The Rise and Fall of Islamic Science: The Calendar as a Case Study]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227095928/http://images.agustianwar.multiply.com/attachment/0/RxbYbQoKCr4AAD%40kzFY1/IslamicCalendar-A-Case-Study.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }}, ''Faith and Reason: Convergence and Complementarity'', [[Al Akhawayn University]]. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. <sup>[deadlink]</sup></ref> Justeru, para saintis Islam menggabungkan pemerhatian persis, [[ujikaji terkawal]] dan catatan yang terperinci.<ref name=Durant/> dengan pendekatan baru terhadap siasatan saintifik, yang membawa kepada perkembangan <ref name=Briffault/> [[kaedah saintifk]].<ref name=Gorini/> Khususnya, pemerhatian empirik [[Abu_Ali_Hasan_Ibn_Al-Haitham|Ibn Al-Haitham]] (''Alhazen'') yang tercatat di dalam bukunya berjudul [[Kitab Optik]] (1021 M) dilihat sebagai permulaan kaedah saintifik moden,<ref name=Agar>David Agar (2001). [http://users.jyu.fi/~daagar/index_files/arabs.html Arabic Studies in Physics and Astronomy During 800 - 1400 AD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308205219/http://users.jyu.fi/~daagar/index_files/arabs.html |date=2008-03-08 }}. [[University of Jyväskylä]].</ref> yang mula-mula diperkenalkan beliau kepada [[optik]] dan [[psikologi]]. Rosanna Gorini menulis:

{{quote|"Mengikut kebanyakkan ahli sejarah, Al-Haitham ialah peneroka kaedah saintifik moden melalui bukunya. Dia menukar makna istilah optik dan mengasaskan ujikaji ataupun eksperimen sebagai norma pembuktian dalam bidang itu. Ujikajinya tidak berlandaskan teori-teori mujarad, tetapi berdiri di atas bukti-bukti ujikaji, dan ujikajinya teratur dan dapat diulangi.&q(contracted; show full)[skalpel]], [[kuret]], [[Retraktor (perubatan)|retraktor]], [[sudu]] bedah, [[Sound (perubatan)|sound]], [[cangkuk]] bedah, [[rod]] bedah, dan [[Spekulum (perubatan)|spekula]],<ref>Khaled al-Hadidi (1978), "The Role of Muslim Scholars in Oto-rhino-Laryngology", ''The Egyptian Journal of O.R.L.'' '''4''' (1), p. 1-15. ([[cf.]] [http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=674 Ear, Nose and Throat Medical Practice in Muslim Heritage]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001101604/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=674 |date=2011-10-01 }}, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization.)</ref> [[gergaji]] tulang,<ref name=Vallely/> dan [[plaster]].<ref>Zafarul-Islam Khan, [http://milligazette.com/Archives/15-1-2000/Art5.htm At The Threshhold Of A New Millennium – II], ''The Milli Gazette''.</ref> 

(contracted; show full)g daripada ahli fisiologi terunggul dalam sejarah.<ref>[[George Sarton]] ([[cf.]] Dr. Paul Ghalioungui (1982), "The West denies Ibn Al Nafis's contribution to the discovery of the circulation", ''Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis'', Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait) <br /> ([[cf.]] [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drpaul.html The West denies Ibn Al Nafis's contribution to the discovery of the circulation]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825102842/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drpaul.html |date=2009-08-25 }}, ''Encyclopedia of Islamic World'')</ref> Beliau juga menggambarkan konsep terawal berkaitan [[metabolisme]],<ref>Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", ''Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis'', Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ([[cf.]] [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html |date=2008-02-06 }}, ''Encyclopedia of Islamic World'').</ref> dan membangunkan aturcara [[fisiologi]] dan [[psikologi]] baharu mbagi menggantikan sistem [[Ibnu Sina]] dan [[Galen]], disamping menyangkal teori mereka tentang [[humor], [[Denyutan]],<ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", p. 3 & 6, ''Electronic Theses and Dissertations'(contracted; show full)article-65928 History of logic: Arabic logic], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref><ref>Dr. Lotfollah Nabavi, [http://public.ut.ac.ir/html/fac/lit/articles.html Sohrevardi's Theory of Decisive Necessity and kripke's QSS System], ''Journal of Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences''.</ref> dan [[ilmu mantik beraruhan]].<ref>[http://www.islamherald.com/asp/explore/science/science_muslim_scientists.asp Science and Muslim Scientists]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020090525/http://www.islamherald.com/asp/explore/science/science_muslim_scientists.asp |date=2007-10-20 }}, Islam Herald.</ref><ref>Wael B. Hallaq (1993), ''Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians'', p. 48. [[Oxford University Press]], ISBN 0-19-824043-0.</ref> Perkembangan penting lain termasuklah perkembangan [[sains pemetikan]], [[isnad]] atau "sandaran", dan perkembangan [[kaedah saintifik|kaedah saintifik bagi siasatan terbuka]] untuk membuktikan sesuatu dakwaan itu salah, [[ijtihad]] yang dapat digunapakai secara amnya kepada banyak jenis persoalan. Dari ku(contracted; show full)

Dalam [[geologi]], [[Ibnu Sina]] membuat hipotesis mengenai dua sebab [[gunung]] di dalam ''[[Kitab Penyembuhan]]'' (1027) dan mengembangkan [[hukum tindanan]] dan konsep [[Uniformitarianisme]].<ref>Toulmin, S. and Goodfield, J. (1965), ''The Ancestry of science: The Discovery of Time'', Hutchinson & Co., London, p. 64 ([[cf.]] [http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=319 Contribution of Ibn Sina to the development of Earth Sciences]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314204805/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=319 |date=2010-03-14 }})</ref><ref name=Hassani>{{cite web|author=Munim M. Al-Rawi and [[Salim Al-Hassani]]|title=The Contribution of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) to the development of Earth sciences|publisher=FSTC|url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/ibnsina.pdf|date=November 2002|accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref> Dalam [[kartografi]], [[peta Piri Reis]] yang dilukis oleh ahli kartografi [[Uthmaniyyah]] [[Piri Reis]] pada tahun 1513, merupakan salah satu [[peta dunia]] terawal yang memasukkan [[Amerika]], dan mungkin y(contracted; show full)dahan [[bekas sisa]] dan [[pelupusan sisa]] yang pertama bagi kutipan [[sampah]].<ref>S. P. Scott (1904), ''History of the Moorish Empire in Europe'', 3 vols, J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London. <br /> F. B. Artz (1980), ''The Mind of the Middle Ages'', Third edition revised, [[University of Chicago Press]], pp 148-50. <br /> ([[cf.]] [http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=441 References]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229042135/http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=441 |date=2008-02-29 }}, 1001 Inventions)</ref>

=== Fizik ===
{{main|Fizik Islam}}
{{see|Kitab Optik}}
[[Fail:Ibn Sahl manuscript.jpg|thumb|Sehelai halaman manuskrip [[Ibn Sahl]] yang memaparkan penemuannya dalam hukum [[pembiasan]] ([[Hukum Snell]]).]]

(contracted; show full)
* [[Donald Routledge Hill|Hill, Donald Routledge]], ''Islamic Science And Engineering'', Edinburgh University Press (1993), ISBN 0-7486-0455-3
* Huff, Toby E. (1993, 2nd edition 2003), ''The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West''. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52994-8. Reviewed by [[George Saliba]] at [http://www.riifs.org/review_articles/review_v1no2_sliba.htm Seeking the Origins of Modern Science?]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509062023/http://www.riifs.org/review_articles/review_v1no2_sliba.htm |date=2008-05-09 }}
* Huff, Toby E. (2000), "Science and Metaphysics in the Three Religions of the Books", ''Intellectual Discourse'' '''8''' (2): 173-198.
*{{cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=Edward S.|title=The Arabic Heritage in the Exact Sciences|journal=Al-Abhath|volume=23|year=1970|pages=327–344}}
*{{cite book|first=Edward S.|last=Kennedy|title=Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences|year=1983|publisher=Syracuse University Press|id=ISBN 0-8156-6067-7}}
(contracted; show full)
*Habibi, Golareh. [http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=574 Review article], ''Science Creative Quarterly''.
*[http://www.classicalislam.com/pages/history/heroes.htm An interactive guide to Muslim scientists whose multi-disciplinary contributions sparked the flame of learning and productivity]
*[http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/introduction/woi_knowledge.html Islam, Knowledge, and Science]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119010548/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/introduction/woi_knowledge.html |date=2008-01-19 }}
*[http://www.history-science-technology.com/ History of Science and Technology in Islam]
* [http://www.cyberistan.org/ Islamic Civilization]
*[http://www.smi.uib.no/paj/Stenberg.html The Islamization of science or the marginalization of Islam]
*[http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslimheritage]
*[http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=309 1001inventions]
*[http://www.science-islam.net/sommaire.php3?lang=en Science and religion in Islam]
*Keith L. Moore, {{YouTube|id=Rb0uZefwQnc|title=The Developing Human}}

[[Kategori:Sains Islam]]
[[Kategori:Zaman Kegemilangan Islam]]