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Catalan navy
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[[File:Galley.jpg|thumb|  Galiota Of Catalan style (small galley)]]
The '''Catalan navy''' - with Catalan ships, Catalan admirals and Catalan crew (not counting the rabble) - under the direct or indirect orders of the counts of Barcelona, represented a reality recognized by the entire Mediterranean from its origins to Fernando the Catholic. In later times ships built and manned on the Catalan coasts, under the authority of non-Catalan kings, for example the kings of Naples, carried out some important events.

Similarly, the navies of the kingdoms of Mallorca and Valencia had their own entity and could be studied separately

== Fame of the Catalan army ==
[[File:Tavola_strozzi_(flotta_aragonese_al_ritorno_della_battaglia_di_ischia_il_12_luglio_1465),_1465-1500_ca.,_11982,_02.JPG|thumb|  Tavola Strozzi. Galceran de Requesens and Joan de Soler's fleet returned to Naples after their victory at Ischia (1465).  <ref name="Bentley19952">Jerry H. Bentley.</ref>  <ref name="Brancaleone20102">Andrea Brancaleone.</ref>  <ref name="Herrera16242">Antonio de Herrera.</ref>  <ref name="Ferrer18532">Fernando Patxot y Ferrer.</ref>  ]]
The modern generic designation "Armada del rey de Aragón" is inexact and not very descriptive of medieval reality. Until [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Fernando el Católico]], the galleys of the Crown of Aragon were Catalan, Valencian or Majorcan. They were often owned by local institutions ( Generalitat, municipalities, etc. . . ). Sometimes they were privately owned. They put themselves at the service of the king, but he was not the owner. ↵For quite a long time, the fame of the Catalan army was recognized by many.

* Benedetto Cotrugli.[47]

<blockquote>Galea vogia III hommini per bancho ogi, et have XXVIII et XXVIIII banchi. Le fuste vogano dui remi per bancho, et queste sonno de più qualitate de longeçe, ad beneplacitum XII, XVI, XX, XXIIII etc... Et realmente quisto modo de galee ando aptissimamente la nation Catallana et sondo aptissimi allo governo de quelle, perché le altre nationi armano solamente alli bisogni, et li Catalani al continuo fando lo misterio, et ciascheduno ne sa in parte et li Catallani in totum.

De navigatione. Benedetto Cotrugli.</blockquote>

* Martí de Viciana.[48]

<blockquote>Y assí hallamos que, en galeras, los catalanes han hecho más cosas buenas que ningunas otras nasciones, por donde resulta el refrán: “Que si en galera se haze cosa buena, el capitán á de ser catalán”.

Martí de Viciana: Libro tercero de la Crónica de la ínclita y coronada ciudad de Valencia.</blockquote>

== Book of the Consulate of the Sea ==
{{Main|Book of the Consulate of the Sea}}The "Book of the Consulate of the Sea" has an appendix of 34 chapters entitled "Ordinations of all Ships who will arm themselves to go to choirs, and of all navies that are faciper sea". I meet again before old Catalan, but I would venture "Ordinances of any ship that is armed by corsair and of all armada that takes place in the sea". The summary note indicates the positions and functions appropriate to the service, as can be seen from its list by subject:

"From the admiral, captain and ship owners, as it must be clear expense and benefit; from the comitre, from conveniences; from the parts that have to be done in an armed ship, from pilots and other trades, and from the partition; the Admiral, from senior pilot; of proeles; of crossbowmen; of men-at-arms, of Gabieros (those who went to the cages); of weight and measure of over-guards; of helmsmen, of barbers; of liquidators, of the Admiral's Guard, of spies and of registrars; of servants; of master of azuela (carpenter of riverside), of crossbowman; of calafate, of corporal of servants; of consuls; of which the Captain has to do; Notary public, of the treasurers; of the senior pilot, and of how are the fifths raised (distributed, distributed?) "

Another appendix is the Penal Ordinances for the service of the Navy, made up of 39 articles bearing this heading: "King Peter chapters on maritime facts and acts" (King Peter chapters on the maritime facts and actions) promulgated in Barcelona by royal order in 1430 and which were issued by three notable Barcelona sailors: Bernat de Cabrera, Jaume Boscà and Joan Llompart.

== Catalan galleys fleet ==
{{Main|Catalan galley}}
[[File:Museo_Marítim_de_Barcelona_Real_17-05-2009_13-09-59.JPG|thumb|  Model of " La Real ".  ]]
[[File:Galley_running_before_the_wind.JPG|thumb|  Catalan galley sailing a long.  ]]
[[File:Galley-knightshospitaller.jpg|thumb| [[Malta|Maltese]] galley, Catalan style ]]
The ''Catalan galley'' (formerly galea), has its own entity with respect to the '''galleries''' of the other maritime nations (referenced from the s.  <ref name="moll0">{{Cite web|url=http://moll.mandevila.eu/galera|title=DCVB: Galera|publisher=}}</ref> XIII), since Corominas provides a reference to a ''Catalan galley'' from the year 1120 (100 years earlier than the other countries).  <ref name="CorominasGulsoy1980">Joan Corominas.  </ref>  <ref>[https://archive.org/download/orgeneshistricos00bala/orgeneshistricos00bala.pdf Josep Balari i Jovany.]</ref> It was a type of [[warship]] and [[trade]] [[Warship|ship]], powered entirely by the power of oars and sometimes by the wind, thanks to the presence of masts with their sails (usually Latin).  

At least as of the 12th century, the Catalans built the "Catalan galleys", making extensive use of them for wars with the different maritime republics (as enemies or as allies) or for trade with most [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] ports, guaranteeing trade routes with Catalan consulates. Its use began to decline from the seventeenth century, when they were progressively replaced by [[Sailboat|sailboats]]s, finally [[Sailboat|becoming]] extinct in the late [[18th century|eighteenth century]] .  <ref name="Aubin17022">Nicolas (rev) Aubin.  </ref>  

{{Wide image|Tavola Strozzi - Napoli.jpg|1000px|'' Tavola Strozzi ''. Flota de [[Galceran de Requesens y Joan de Soler]] volviendo a Nápoles después de su victoria en Ischia}}  

== Dead-reckoning in the Catalan Navy ==
[[File:Marine_sandglass_wm.jpg|thumb|  '''Reversible''' bulb with a "hanging" support with four columns  ]]
With the Atlantic navigations of the time of the discoveries - apart from the compass - the tables, the astrolabe and the rod of Jacob or the quadrant were necessary, but it must be said that during these navigations - like the Mediterranean navigations - the distance navigated calculated by estimate, and, "navigation by appreciation" is not possible without an instrument to measure time.  

=== Marine sandglass ===
For more than 500 years (from 1300 to 1800) the instrument for measuring time at sea was "the Ampoule of hours".  <ref name="W.">Waters, David W..</ref> In Catalonia there are references of its manufacture since the middle of the 14th century made of Catalan transparent glass according to the formulas of the alchemist Guillem Sedacer, using as a fundent the soda obtained by burning the barrella (its ashes dissolved in water and [[Laundry|cast]] with a [[sieve]] have been the basis from the "laundry" to wash clothes from the Neolithic). The barrella grows on the Catalan coast from [[Orihuela]] to [[Montpellier]] and the Italian manuals for making Italian glass (La Sedacina and Arte Vetraria) say: "bisogna comprare la soda di Spagna".  <ref name="CriscianiBagliani2003">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.cat/books?id=EPPaAAAAMAAJ|title=Alchimia e medicina nel Medioevo: Il carmelitano Guglielmo Seda- cer, che si dedica con esaustività alla trattazione alchemica metallurgica e soprattutto valorizza il ruolo del vetro nel suo vasto manuale — la Summa sedacina|last=Chiara Crisciani|publisher=SISMEL edizioni del Galluzzo|isbn=978-88-8450-051-9}}</ref>  <ref name="Vetraria">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.cat/books?id=QczAWF3S-1sC&pg=PA189|title=L'arte vetraria|last=Antonio Neri|date=1663}}</ref>  

In an extensive inventory of the things owned by [[Charles V of France]] that were in his possession at the time of his death on September 16, 1380.  <ref name="Chandler1985">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.es/books?id=hObeAAAAMAAJ&q=Item+ung+grant+orloge+de+mer,+de+deux+grans+fiolles+plains+de+sablon,+en+ung+grant+estuy+de+boys+garny&dq=Item+ung+grant+orloge+de+mer,+de+deux+grans+fiolles+plains+de+sablon,+en+ung+grant+estuy+de+boys+garny&hl=ca&sa=X&ei=NRRWVJm2Etffat_HgVA&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA|title=The Time Museum: Time measuring instruments. pt. 1. Astrolabes, astrolabe related instruments|last2=Bruce Chandler|last3=Anthony John Turner|date=1985|publisher=The Museum|isbn=978-0-912947-01-3}}</ref> There is an article cited as "heures de naviguer" from the king's study to his castle at Saint Germain in Laye, which is described as follows:    <ref name="Rossum1996">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9Za4jdBEVB4C&pg=PA380|title=History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders|last=Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum|date=15 de junio de 1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-15510-4|page=380}}</ref>  

This "orloge de mer" or "heures de naviguer" was sent to him, as a gift, when he was still only a prince (being, therefore, before 1356 when he took the place of his father in prison), by John the hunter, through his aunt Yolanda de Aragón, when Juan asked him for a manuscript by Joan de Mandeville, "to translate it into the Aragonese language". This point is essential to know the language of the original, since it does not tell you " ''to translate it into the Catalan language'' ", which was the most important because it was yours - implying that you did not need any translation - on the other hand, if you had in Catalonia a copy in the Catalan language would not have been requested by her aunt, ergo the Yolanda de Aragón manuscript was in Catalan.  <ref name="Yolande">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kb3SJxHaTpUC&pg=PA128|title=Johan I D'Arago|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans|pages=128–|id=GGKEY:8CXSF5T5A0D}}</ref>  

The most interesting of this reference from [[Charles V of France]], is that an Ampoule of hours is defined as "ung grant orloge de mero" ("a great sea watch"), this together with the fact that the first explanation of its use at sea it appears in " the twelfth of the Crestià " (work by M.Llauradó on [[Francesc Eiximenis]] ) and that it was given to him by his aunt Yolanda de Aragón, suggests that, in this period, the importance of an hourglass was commonly Related to its use at sea and its manufacturing demand, it could have originated from the navigation needs of the [[Crown of Aragon]], a maritime power of the moment in the Mediterranean.  <ref name="Yolande"/><ref name="1409Rogers1988">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-b2jcQAACAAJ|title=A Partial Edition of Francesc Eiximenis' Dotzè Del Crestià (Chs. 1-97)|last=Eiximenis, Francesc (ca. 1340-ca. 1409); Donna Mary Rogers|publisher=Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Toronto|isbn=978-0-315-43411-0}}</ref> <ref name="Yolande">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kb3SJxHaTpUC&pg=PA128|title=Johan I D'Arago|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans|pages=128–|id=GGKEY:8CXSF5T5A0D}}</ref> <ref>Diccionari Català Valencià Balear, Alcover-Moll: Rellotge de sorra.</ref> 
[[File:Dotze_Crestia_Valencia_1484.jpg|thumb|  Twelfth of the Cristian (Valencia-1484)  ]]

* [[Francesc Eiximenis]] in the Twelfth of Crestià spoke of naval warfare and of the discipline and order to be observed on ships. Regarding the measurement of time, he wrote the following:  <ref>[http://www.antiblavers.org/galeria/albums/userpics/10223/Dotz%C3%A8_Cresti%C3%A0_Lambert_Palmart_Val%C3%A8ncia_1484-3.pdf#page=81 Dotzè del Crestià, pàg. 81/100]</ref> ⏎
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* In French galleys no reference could be found until the French manuscript Stolonomie from the years 1547-1550, where it says that each galley must carry: ". . . Quatres ampoulletes à sablon pour mestré les gardes à heures. . . " . A phrase very similar to the Catalan Eiximenis.  

The '''Pisano-Catalan Crusade''' to the [[Balearic Islands]], which at the time was a Muslim taifa, consisted of an expedition in retaliation for the acts of piracy committed by the Muslims who inhabited it, carried out by Ramón Berenguer III and his allies, in 1114. Founded in a treaty of [[1113]] between the Republic of Pisa and the Count of Barcelona, it had the objective of taking the island from the Muslims and preventing the attack and obstruction of the [[Convoy|convoys]]s and ships of the Christian merchants who at that time were sailing in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] Sea.  <ref name="Lacosta">{{Cite web|url=http://www.webislam.com/?idt=3078|title=Mallorca 1229: la visión de los vencidos|last=Javier Lacosta|date=16 de septiembre de 1999|publisher=Junta islámica|access-date=31 de octubre de 2010}}</ref>  <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/24694952212358274198835/p0000003.htm|title=España: sus monumentos y artes, su naturaleza e historia.|last=Pablo Piferrer, Francisco Pi Margall|access-date=2 de noviembre de 2010}}</ref>  <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://books.google.es/books?id=Hr7y7X68vOwC&pg=PA333&dq=abu+yahya&hl=es&ei=VOPlTI-EBJD1sgatpaizCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=mallorca&f=false|title=Itinerario cultural de Almorávides y Almohades: Magreb y Península Ibérica|last=Legado andalusí, Hamid Triki|date=mayo de 2003|publisher=Junta de Andalucía|access-date=18 de noviembre de 2010}}</ref> Although Mallorca was once again in Muslim power, it served to lay the foundations for the future Catalan naval power and to strengthen business contacts in the Mediterranean.  <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/r/ramon_berenguer_iii.htm|title=Ramón Berenguer III el Grande|publisher=Biografías y vidas|access-date=16 de diciembre de 2010}}</ref>  

== See also ==

* Royal Shipyards of Barcelona 
* ''Ordinations on the fet of the sea''  

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==

* Capmany Montpalau, Antoni. [http://books.google.cat/books?id=hcJCAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=ca&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''"Ordinances of the naval navies of the Crown of Aragon approved fear the king D. Pedro IV year of MCCLIV".''] Royal Printing Press, 1787. &nbsp; 
* Estrada Ríes, Albert &nbsp; : «The Royal Shipyard of Barcelona in the Middle Ages: institutional organization and shipbuilding for the Crown of Aragon»; 2004 
* Hernàndez Cardona, Xavier. ''«Military history of Catalonia.'' ''Vol.'' 2". Rafael Dalmau, 2004. [[:ca:Special:BookSources/8423206556|ISBN 84-232-0655-6.]] &nbsp; 
* García y Sanz, Arcadi: [http://books.google.cat/books?id=YUgSAAAAYAAJ&q=Hist%C3%B2ria+de+la+marina+catalana.+Barcelona,&dq=Hist%C3%B2ria+de+la+marina+catalana.+Barcelona,&ei=YXlVS5KhEaegygTlmtXNCA&hl=ca&cd=1 «History of the Catalan Navy»] ; 1977 
* Morro Veny, Guillem: «The Majorcan naval army in 1342» 
* Orsi Lázaro, Mario: [http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Drassana/article/viewFile/104717/130987 «The crews of the 1354 navy ships»] 
* Redondo García, Esther: «On the organization and financing of Pere el Ceremonioso's army against the island of Mallorca (1342)» 
* Rodon Oller, Francesc: "Facts of the Catalan Navy"; 1898 
* Sans Barrutell, Joan: [http://books.google.cat/books?id=HS1vPgAACAAJ&dq=armada+naval+aragones&ei=u3lVS4eZHYmuzQSm3JGqCQ&hl=ca&cd=7 "Documents concerning the army that in 1351 ordered the King Don Pedro IV of Aragon against Genoese"] ; 1851 
* Sierra Puig, Eva: «The galleys of the Generalitat of 1599: effort and destiny of an old ambition» 
* Soldani, María Elisa: «The concerns of Catalan sailors regarding death. An analysis of the testamentary dispositions in the XIV and XV centuries »  

== External links Other websites==

* [http://www.histo.cat/principal/preview/prova-de-la-falsificacio-d-un-manuscrit-de-l-arxiu-requesens Royal Gallery to the Requesens Archive] 
* [http://www.xtec.es/~mpujol12/projecte/arqueo/esquelet.htm Medieval ship building process] 
* [http://books.google.cat/books?id=4kxxSVQWyl0C&pg=PA49&dq=Anna+Unali+el+casco+de+una+galera&hl=ca&ei=NE6KTLHpE4fAswbysY2TAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Unali, Anna; Catalan sailors, pirates and corsairs in the late Middle Ages; Dimensions of a Catalan galley] 
* [http://books.google.cat/books?id=9FL1gDllhg0C&pg=PA266&dq=inventari+rei++cavall&hl=ca&ei=vj6OTMSOKIPBswaoo_j3AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCTge Rubió and Lluch; Diplomatari del Oriente Catala; p.267 Inventory of a galley]  

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[[Category:Navies]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]