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Minorities in Turkey
[[File:Ethnolinguistic map of Turkey.jpg|thumb|Right|500px|Ethnic Groups of Turkey.]]
{{bar box
| title=Ethnic groups in Turkey ([[World Factbook]])
| titlebar=#ddd
| left1='''Ethnic groups'''
| right1='''Percent'''
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(contracted; show full)nguage and culture. There are other estimates however that place the number of people in Turkey with Albanian ancestry and or background upward to 5 million.<ref name="Saunders98">{{cite book|last=Saunders|first=Robert A.|title=Ethnopolitics in Cyberspace: The Internet, Minority Nationalism, and the Web of Identity|year=2011|location=Lanham|publisher=Lexington Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vM5hZEsdz94C&pg=PA98&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780739141946|
ref=harv|page=98}}</ref>

However, these assumptions of the Turkish government are rejected by scholars who explain they are without any basis.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bernard Lewis|title=The Emergence of Modern Turkey|page=82}}</ref>{{qn|date=September 2017}}

==== Bosniaks ====
{{Main article|Bosniaks in Turkey}}
(contracted; show full)caOswa7uLCeAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAjgy#v=onepage&q=pomaks&f=false p.237]</ref> According to [[Ethnologue]] at present 300,000 Pomaks in [[East Thrace|European Turkey]] speak Bulgarian as their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|editor=Gordon, Raymond G.  Jr.|publisher=SIL International|location=[[Dallas, Texas]]|year=2005|edition=Fifteenth|isbn=978-1-55671-159-6|url=http://www.ethnologue.com|chapter
-url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TRE|chapter=Languages of Turkey (Europe)}}</ref>
It is very hard to estimate the number of Pomaks along with the [[turkification|Turkified]] Pomaks who live in Turkey, as they have blended into the Turkish society and have been often linguistically and culturally dissimilated.<ref name="hurriyet">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/h.php?news=trial-sheds-light-on-shades-of-turkey-2008-06-10 |title=Trial sheds light on shades of Turkey |date=2008-06-10 |publisher=''Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review'' |access-date=2011-03-23 |archive-date=2011-03-23 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xPCtaAXt?url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/h.php?news=trial-sheds-light-on-shades-of-turkey-2008-06-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to ''[[Milliyet]]'' and ''[[Turkish Daily News]]'' reports, the number of Pomaks along with the Turkified Pomaks in the country is about 600,000.<ref name="hurriyet"/><ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı">
{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16|title=Milliyet - Turkified Pomaks in Turkey|publisher=www.milliyet.com.tr|access-date=2011-02-08|last=|first=|language=tr}}</ref> According to the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Bulgarian [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] community in Turkey stands at 500 members.<ref>[http://www.mfa.bg/bg/pages/view/5360 "Българската общност в Република Турция "]</ref>

==== Greeks ====
{{Main article|Greeks in Turkey}} 
{{Main article|Pontic Greeks}} 
{{Further information|Pontus (region)}}
{{Further information|Greek genocide}}
[[File:Pontus.png|thumb|right|300px|The Pontus region]]
The Greeks constitute a population of [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Greek language|Greek]]-speaking [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] [[Christianity|Christians]] who mostly live in [[Istanbul]], including its district [[Princes' Islands]], as well as on the two islands of the western entrance to the [[Dardanelles]]: [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] ({{lang-tr|Gökçeada}} and ''Bozcaada''). Some Greek-speaking Byzantine Christians have been assimilated over the course of the last one thousand years.

They are the remnants of the estimated 200,000 Greeks who were permitted under the provisions of the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] to remain in Turkey following the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|1923 population exchange]],<ref name="Law2002">{{cite book|author=European Commission for Democracy through Law|title=The Protection of National Minorities by Their Kin-State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bROQZazNy-UC&pg=PA142|access-date=2 February 2013|year=2002|publisher=Council of Europe|isbn=978-92-871-5082-0|page=142|quote=In Turkey the Orthodox minority who remained in Istanbul, Imvros and Tenedos governed by the same provisions of the treaty of Lausanne was gradually shrunk from more than 200,000 in 1930 to less than 3,000 today.}}</ref> which involved the forcible resettlement of approximately 1.5 million Greeks from [[Anatolia]] and [[East Thrace]] and of half a million [[Turkish people|Turks]] from all of Greece except for [[Western Thrace]]. After years of persecution (e.g. the [[Varlık Vergisi]] and the [[Istanbul Pogrom]]), [[emigration]] of [[ethnic Greeks]] from the Istanbul region greatly accelerated, reducing the 119,822
<ref name="demography-lab.prd.uth.gr">http://www.demography-lab.prd.uth.gr/DDAoG/article/cont/ergasies/tsilenis.htm</ref>-strong Greek minority before the attack to about 7,000 by 1978.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2008/09/07/haber,033E2E8B399A4A638FCD099591F11DD4.html
|access-date=2008-12-25
|title=Sermaye nasıl el değiştirdi?
|first=Ecevit
|last=Kilic
|work=Sabah
|language=Turkishtr
|date=2008-09-07
|quote=6-7 Eylül olaylarından önce İstanbul'da 135 bin Rum yaşıyordu. Sonrasında bu sayı 70 bine düştü. 1978'e gelindiğinde bu rakam 7 bindi.
|archive-date=2017-03-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312114650/http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2008/09/07/haber,033E2E8B399A4A638FCD099591F11DD4.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The 2008 figures released by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)|Turkish Foreign Ministry]] places the current number of Turkish citizens of Greek descent at the 3,000–4,000 mark.<ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=161291 
 |access-date=2008-12-15 
 |title=Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey 
 |date=2008-12-15 
 |work=[[Today's Zaman]] 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501063653/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=161291 
 |archive-date=2010-05-01 
}}</ref>
According to Milliyet there are 15,000 Greeks in Turkey,<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/> while according to [[Human Rights Watch]] the Greek population in Turkey was estimated at 2,500 in 2006.<ref name="HRW">Lois Whitman ''Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity: The Greeks of Turkey.'' Human Rights Watch, September 1, 1992 - 54 pages. Page 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=SdubdhMwM1YC&pri(contracted; show full)ins of which lie in the population movements from the Caucasus in the late 19th century. Many Abkhaz also live in other parts of the former [[Soviet Union]], particularly in Russia and Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silk.european-heritage.net/mont_illustr/e_mont_il_01.html|title='The journey of Frédéric Dubois de Montpéreux in the Caucasus, to the Cherkhesians and Abkhazians, in Colchida, in Georgia, in Armenia and Crimea'|publisher=silk.european-heritage.net|url-status=dead|archive
-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720150021/http://www.silk.european-heritage.net/mont_illustr/e_mont_il_01.html|archive-date=20 July 2006|df=dmy}}</ref>

==== Armenians ====
{{Main article|Armenians in Turkey}} 
{{Further information|Armenian Genocide}}
{{Further information|Hemshin peoples}}
{{Further information|Hidden Armenians}}
(contracted; show full)irst=the editors of Time-Life|title=The World in arms : timeframe AD 1900-1925|year=1989|publisher=Time-Life Books|location=Alexandria, Va.|isbn=9780809464708|edition=U.S.|page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=K. Al-Rawi|first=Ahmed|title=Media Practice in Iraq.|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230354524|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhMoMFuO--gC&lpg=PA9&dq=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&f=false|access
-date=16 January 2013|page=9}}</ref> The Armenian population of Turkey was greatly reduced following the [[Hamidian massacres]] and especially the [[Armenian Genocide]], when over one and half million Armenians, virtually the entire Armenian population of Anatolia, were massacred. Prior to the Genocide in 1914, the Armenian population of Turkey numbered at about 1,914,620.<ref>[http://www.armenian- history.com/books/Arm-pop-Ottoman-Emp.pdf THE POPULATION OF THE OTTOMAN ARMENIANS by Justin McCarthy]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Raymond H. Kevorkian and Paul B. Paboudjian, ''Les Arméniens dans l'Empire Ottoman à la vielle du génocide'',  Ed. ARHIS, Paris, 1992</ref> The Armenian community of the Ottoman Empire before the Armenian genocide had an estimated 2,300 churches and 700 schools (with 82,000 students).<ref name=Bedrosyan>{{cite news|last=Bedrosyan|first=Raffi|title=Bedrosyan: Searching for Lost Armenian Churches and Schools in Turkey|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2011/08/01/searching-for-lost-armenian-churches-and-schools-in-turkey/|access-date=5 February 2013|newspaper=The Armenian Weekly|date=August 1, 2011}}</ref> This figure excludes churches and schools belonging to the Protestant and Catholic Armenian parishes since only those churches and schools under the jurisdiction of the Istanbul Armenian Patriarchate and the Apostolic Church were counted.<ref name=Bedrosyan /> After the Armenian genocide however, it is estimated that 200,000 Armenians remained in Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|title=ONLY 200,000 ARMENIANS NOW LEFT IN TURKEY|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0815FA395D16738DDDAB0A94D8415B858DF1D3|access-date=5 February 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=October 22, 1915}}</ref> Today there are an estimated 40,000 to 70,000 Armenians in Turkey, not including the [[Hamshenis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ermenilerin Kökeni |url=http://www.bolsohays.com/webac.asp?referans=1 |website=www.bolsohays.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020504030827/http://www.bolsohays.com/webac.asp?referans=1 |archive-date=2002-05-04 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=DEFTERİ |first1=TARİH |title=Türk Ermenisiz, Ermeni Türksüz olmaz! |url=http://www.taraf.com.tr/yazar.asp?id=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902110745/http://www.taraf.com.tr/yazar.asp?id=12 |archive-date=2008-09-02 |language=tr}}</ref>

Armenians under the Turkish Republican era were subjected to many policies which attempted to abolish Armenian cultural heritage such as the [[Surname Law|Turkification of last names]], [[Islamification]], [[Geographical name changes in Turkey|geographical name changes]], [[Confiscated Armenian properties in Turkey|confiscation of properties]], [[Animal name changes in Turkey|change of animal names]],<ref name=Animals>{{cite news|title=Turkey renames 'divisive' animals|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4328285.stm|access-date=16 January 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=8 March 2005|quote=Animal name changes: Red fox known as Vulpes Vulpes Kurdistanica becomes Vulpes Vulpes. Wild sheep called Ovis Armeniana becomes Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus Roe deer known as Capreolus Capreolus Armenus becomes Capreolus Cuprelus Capreolus.}}</ref> change of the names of Armenian historical figures (i.e. the name of the prominent [[Balyan family]] were concealed under an identity of a superficial Italian family called Baliani),<ref>{{cite news|title=Yiğidi öldürmek ama hakkını da vermek...|url=http://www.lraper.org/main.aspx?Action=DisplayNews&NewsCode=N000001527&Lang=TR|access-date=16 January 2013|newspaper=Lraper|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021094318/http://www.lraper.org/main.aspx?Action=DisplayNews&NewsCode=N000001527&Lang=TR|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Patrik II. Mesrob Hazretleri 6 Agustos 2006 Pazar|url=http://www.bolsohays.com/haberdetay-32339/patrik-ii-mesrob-hazretleri-6-agustos-2006-pazar-kumkapi-daki-surp-asdvadzadzin-meryem-ana-pat.html|access-date=16 January 2013|newspaper=Bolsohays News|date=August 7, 2006|language=Turkishtr}}</ref> and the change and distortion of Armenian historical events.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=ed. by Richard G.|title=The Armenian genocide in perspective|year=1991|publisher=Transaction|location=New Brunswick, NJ [u.a.]|isbn=9780887386367|edition=4. pr.}}</ref>

(contracted; show full)arlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=9 October 1986|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|pages=236–}}</ref> The Kazakh Turks Foundation (Kazak Türkleri Vakfı) is an organization of Kazakhs in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazak Türkleri Vakfı Resmi Web Sayfası |url=http://www.kazakturklerivakfi.org/index.php?limitstart=118 |archive
-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913180046/http://www.kazakturklerivakfi.org/index.php?limitstart=118 |archive-date=2016-09-13 |language=tr}}</ref> Kazakhs in Turkey came via Pakistan and Afghanistan.<ref name="Gladney2004">{{cite book|author=Dru C. Gladney|title=Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzxSNM3_vCEC&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 April 2004|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-29776-7|pages=184–}}</ref> ''Kazak Kültür Derneği'' (Kazakh Culture Associration) is a Kazakh diaspora organization in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazak Kültür Platformu |url=http://www.kazakkultur.org/ |website=Kazak Kültür Platformu |language=tr}}</ref>

==== Kyrgyz ====
{{main|Kyrgyz people}}
Turkey's [[Lake Van]] area is the home of [[Kyrgyz people#In Afghanistan|Kyrgyz refugees from Afghanistan]].<ref name="Planet2014">{{cite book|author=Lonely Planet|title=Great Adventures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DWvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 June 2014|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74360-102-0|pages=}}</ref> Turkey became a destination for [[Kyrgyz in Pakistan|Kyrgyz refugees]] due to the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] from Afghanistan's Wakhan area<ref>{{cite journal |last=Finkel |first=Michael |date=February 2013 |title=Wakhan Corridor |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/02/wakhan-corridor/finkel-text |journal=National Geographic |publisher= |volume= |access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> 500 remained and did not go to Turkey with the others.<ref name="Phillips2001">{{cite book|author=David J. Phillips|title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&pg=PA314#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2001|publisher=William Carey Library|isbn=978-0-87808-352-7|pages=314–}}</ref> ''Friendship and Culture Society of Kyrgyzstan'' (Кыргызстан Достук жана Маданият Коому) (Kırgızistan Kültür ve Dostluk Derneği Resmi Sitesi) is a Kyrgyz diaspora organization in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |title=Кыргызстан Достук жана Маданият Коому |url=http://www.kyrgyzstan.org.tr/tr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008052336/http://www.kyrgyzstan.org.tr/tr.html |archive-date=2013-10-08 }}</ref>

They were airlifted in 1982 from Pakistan where they had sought refugee after the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] at the end of 1979. Their original home was at the eastern end of the [[Wakhan]] Corridor, in the [[Pamirs]], bordering on China.  It is not known how many Kyrgyz still live in Van and how many have moved on to other parts of Turkey.

==== Turkmen ====
{{main|Turkmens}}
(contracted; show full)//national.bgnnews.com/isil-recruits-chinese-with-fake-turkish-passports-from-istanbul-haberi/4968|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 25, 2015|newspaper=BGNNews.com|location=Istanbul  }}</ref> A community of Uyghurs live in Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blanchard   |first=Ben |date= July 11, 2015 |title=China says Uighurs being sold as 'cannon fodder' for extremist groups |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-turkey-idUSKCN0PL08520150711|newspaper=Reuters |location=BEIJING
 |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=July 11, 2015 |title=Uyghurs sold as ‘cannon fodder’ for extremist groups: China |url=http://atimes.com/2015/07/uyghurs-being-sold-as-cannon-fodder-for-extremist-groups-china/ |newspaper=Asia Times |location= |access-date= |archive-date=May 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501135312/http://atimes.com/2015/07/uyghurs-being-sold-as-cannon-fodder-for-extremist-groups-china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Kayseri]] received Uyghurs numbering close to 360 via the UNHCR in 1966–1967 from Pakistan.<ref name="ShichorCenter2009">{{cite book|author1=Yitzhak Shichor|author2=East-West Center|title=Ethno-diplomacy, the Uyghur hitch in Sino-Turkish relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IR4(contracted; show full)554.html#|archive-date=2016-02-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> Eastern Turkistan Education and Solidarity Association is located in Turkey.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zenn|first1=Jacob|title=An Overview of Chinese Fighters and Anti-Chinese Militant Groups in Syria and Iraq|journal=China Brief|date=10 October 2014|volume=14|issue=19 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/regions/middleeast/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=42944&tx_ttnews[backPid]=49&cHash=266cbf52f118868715823bbffd809caf#.VX3kqEZGR9g |archive
-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618235954/http://www.jamestown.org/regions/middleeast/single/?tx_ttnews#.VX3p_EZGR9g|archive-date=18 June 2015|access-date=14 June 2015|publisher=The Jamestown Foundation|url-status=dead}}</ref> Abdurahmon Abdulahad of the East Turkistan Education Association supported Uzbek Islamists who protested against Russia and Islam Karimov's Uzbekistan government.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://turkistanlilar.org/%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3/ |title=Истанбулда Туркистонлик муҳожирларга қилинаётган қотилликларга қарши норозилик намойиши бўлди (Kирил ва Лотинда) |last1=YoSIN  |first1=Muhammad |last2= |first2= |date=2015-11-01 |website=Uluslararası Türkistanlılar Dayanışma Derneği |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> Uyghurs are employed in Küçükçekmece and Zeytinburnu restaurants.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 November 2015|title=China entered into Istanbul,Turkey with her 150 Spies|url=http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2015/11/29/china-entered-into-istanbulturkey-with-her-150-spies/|newspaper=EAST TURKESTAN BULLETIN NEWS AGENT/ News Center|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119103212/http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2015/11/29/china-entered-into-istanbulturkey-with-her-150-spies/|archive-date=19 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=20 November 2015|title=Çin İstihbaratı, 150 Ajan İle İstanbul’a Giriş Yaptı|url=http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2015/11/20/cin-istihbarati150-ajani-ile-istanbula-giris-yapti/|newspaper=DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN BÜLTENİ HABER AJANSI / Haber Merkezi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128040543/http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2015/11/20/cin-istihbarati150-ajani-ile-istanbula-giris-yapti/|archive-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> ''East Turkistan Immigration Association'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Doğu Türkistan Göçmenler Derneği 1960 |url=http://www.doguturkistan.com.tr/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508011959/http://www.doguturkistan.com.tr/# |archive-date=2016-05-08 |language=tr}}</ref> ''East Turkistan Culture and Solidarity Association'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Gökbayrak Dergisi |url=http://www.gokbayrak.com/# |website=www.gokbayrak.com |language=tr}}</ref> and ''Eastern Turkistan Education and Solidarity Association'' are Uyghur diaspora organizations in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |title=Doğu Türkistanlılar Kardeşlik |url=http://maarip.org/tr/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916024340/http://maarip.org/tr/# |archive-date=2016-09-16 |language=tr}}</ref>

=== Turkic peoples ===
{{main article|Turkic peoples}}
==== Azerbaijanis ====
  [[Image:Azerbijani_In_Turkey.png|thumb|right|300px|Traditional settlement areas]]
{{Main article|Azerbaijanis in Turkey}}
It is hard to determine how many ethnic [[Azeris]] currently reside in Turkey because ethnicity is a rather fluid concept in this country.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/turkey/turkey993-08.htm Human Rights Watch] 1999 Report on Turkey</ref> and According to the [[Looklex Encyclopaedia]], [[Azerbaijani people]] make up 800,000 of [[Turkey]]'s population.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://looklex.com/e.o/turkey.peoples.htm |title=Turkey-Peoples |publisher=[[Looklex Encyclopaedia]] |date=  |access-date=13 August 2013}}</ref>  Up to 300,000 of Azeris who reside in Turkey are citizens of [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>[http://www.azerbaijantoday.az:8101/life.html Life of Azerbaijanis in Turkey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031229094340/http://www.azerbaijantoday.az:8101/Life.html |date=2003-12-29 }}. An interview with Sayyad Aran, Consul General of the Azerbaijan Republic to Istanbul. ''Azerbaijan Today''</ref> In the [[Eastern Anatolia Region]], Azeris are (contracted; show full) fled the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]. In 2005, refugees from Afghanistan numbered 300 and made a sizeable proportion of Turkey's registered migrants.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/home/PUBL/4492678ae.pdf UNHCR Ankara Office]</ref> Most of them were spread out over satellite cities with [[Van, Turkey|Van]] and [[Ağrı]] being the most specific locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldrefugeesurvey.org/images/b/bb/TurkeyMap.jpg |title=Archived copy |access
-date=2010-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601183426/http://www.worldrefugeesurvey.org/images/b/bb/TurkeyMap.jpg |archive-date=2010-06-01 }}</ref> In the following years, the number of Afghans entering Turkey greatly increased, second only to migrants from Iraq; in 2009, there were 16,000 people designated under the Iraq-Afghanistan category. Despite a dramatic 50 percent reduction by 2010, reports confirmed hundreds living and working in Turkey.<ref>http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=205790 {{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> As of January 2010, Afghans consisted one-sixth of the 26,000 remaining refugees and asylum seekers.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Turkey |url=https://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e48e0fa7f.html |website=UNHCR |language=en}}</ref> By the end 2011, their numbers are expected to surge up to 10,000, making them the largest population and surpass other groups.

==== Kurds ====
{{Main article|Kurds in Turkey|Turkish Kurdistan}} 
{{Further information|thumb|right|300px|Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey}}
[[File:Kurdish majority Turkey-es.svg|thumb|right|300px|Map showing Kurdish majority areas within Turkey.]]
[[File:Kurdish population by region (KONDA 2010).png|thumb|right|300px|Percentage of Kurdish population in Turkey by region<ref name=KONDAkurd>{{cite web|title=Kürt Meselesi̇ni̇ Yeni̇den Düşünmek|url=http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2010_12_KONDA_Kurt_Meselesini_Yeniden_Dusunmek.pdf|publisher=KONDA|access-date=2013-06-11|pages=19–20|date=July 2010|archive-date=2016-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122110447/http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2010_12_KONDA_Kurt_Meselesini_Yeniden_Dusunmek.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
[[File:Turkey total fertility rate by province 2014.png|thumb|right|300px|Turkey Total fertility rate by province (2013). Kurdish majority provinces have a higher fertility rate than Turkish majority provinces.<ref>{{cite web|title=TurkStat|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=1452|publisher=TurkStat|access-date=2015-03-22|date=2013}}</ref> {{legend|#ff6500|4-5}} {{legend|#ffff00|3-4}} {{legend|#0cff00|2-3}} {{legend|#24e0d9|1.5-2}} {{legend|#3aafe0|1-1.5}}]]
[[File:Kurds of Central Anatolia.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Map of Kurds of Central Anatolia]]
[[File:Kurdish mother & child Van 1973.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Kurdish mother and child, Van, Turkey. 1973]]

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In the 1930s, Turkish government policy aimed to forcibly assimilate and [[Turkification|Turkify]] local Kurds. Since 1984, Kurdish resistance movements included both peaceful political activities for basic civil rights for Kurds within Turkey, and violent armed rebellion for a separate Kurdish state.<ref name="Global Security">{{cite web|work=GlobalSecurity.org|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kurdistan-turkey.htm |title=Kurdistan-Turkey|access
-date=2007-03-28|date=2007-03-22}}</ref>

==== Ossetians ====
{{Main article|Ossetians in Turkey}}

[[Ossetians]] emigrated from [[North Ossetia]] since the second half of the 19th century, end of [[Caucasian War]]. Today, the majority of them live in Ankara and Istanbul. There are 24 Ossetian villages in central and eastern Anatolia. The Ossetians in Turkey are divided into three major groups, depending on their history of immigration and ensuing events: those living in [[Kars]] (Sarıkamış) and [[Erzu(contracted; show full) Abroad: BBC]</ref> They consist mainly of [[United Kingdom|British]] citizens married to [[Turkey|Turkish]] spouses, [[British Turks]] who have moved back into the country, students and families of long-term expatriates employed predominately in white-collar industry.<ref name="A">{{Cite news|url=http://www.capital.com.tr/the-number-of-expats-has-reached-26000-haberler/20006.aspx|title=The Number Of Expats Has Reached 26,000|work=Capital|first=Hande|last=Yavuz|url-status=dead|archive
-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114013411/http://www.capital.com.tr/the-number-of-expats-has-reached-26000-haberler/20006.aspx|archive-date=2011-01-14}}</ref>

==== Dutch ====
{{main article|Dutch people}}
Approximately 15,000 [[Dutch people|Dutch]] live in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.nl/nr/exeres/E4FCE219-D72D-47C6-A867-7D7EC9ED0BF0.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-08-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205032945/http://www.cbs.nl/nr/exeres/E4FCE219-D72D-47C6-A867-7D7EC9ED0BF0.htm |archive-date=2012-02-05 }}</ref>

==== Germans ====
{{Main article|Germans in Turkey}}
There are over 50,000 '''[[Germans|German]]s''' living in '''[[Turkey]]''', primarily Germans married to Turkish spouses, employees, retirees and long-term tourists who buy properties across the Turkish coastline, often spending most of the year in the country.<ref name="TA">{{cite web|first=Cem |last=Şentürk |url=http://www.turkofamerica.com/index.php?Itemid=174&id=177&option=com_content&task=view |title=The Germans in Turkey |publisher=Turkofamerica |date=2007-10-15 |access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref> In addition, many [[Turkish Germans]] have also returned and settled, and it is not uncommon to hear German being spoken on the streets of Istanbul by Turks.

==== Levantines ====
{{Main article|Levantines in Turkey}}
{{Main article|Levantines (Latin Christians)}}
{{Main article|Levant}}
(contracted; show full) live in [[Turkey]].<ref name=haberler.com>[http://www.haberler.com/levanten-kulturu-turizme-aciliyor-4804377-haberi/ Levanten kültürü turizme açılıyor] haberler.com (12.08.2013) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630201926/http://www.haberler.com/levanten-kulturu-turizme-aciliyor-4804377-haberi/ |date=30 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fact-archive.com/encyclopedia/Roman_Catholics_by_country|title=Roman Catholics by country|publisher=Fact-Archive.com|access
-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>

==== Poles ====
{{Main article|Polish diaspora}}
{{Main article|Poles}}
There are only 4,000 ethnic [[Polish diaspora#Turkey|Poles in Turkey]] who have been assimilated{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} into the main Turkish culture. The immigration did start during the [[Partitions of Poland|Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. [[Józef Bem]] was one of the first immigrants and Prince [[Adam Jerzy Czartoryski]] founded [[Polonezköy]] in 1842. Most Poles in (contracted; show full)

=== Other minorities ===
{{main article|Minority group}}
==== Africans ====
{{Main article|Afro Turks}}
Beginning several centuries ago, a number of Africans, usually via [[Zanzibar]] as [[Zanj]] and from places such as [[Niger]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Libya]], [[Kenya]] and [[Sudan]],<ref name="todayszaman.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=141522 |archive
-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827055914/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=141522|archive-date=27 August 2008 |title=Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt|work=Today's Zaman |date= 11 May 2008 |access-date= 28 August 2008 |publisher=Todayszaman.com }}</ref> came to the [[Ottoman Empire]] settled by the  [[Dalaman]], [[Menderes, İzmir|Menderes]] and [[Gediz, Kütahya|Gediz]] valleys, [[Manavgat]], and [[Çukurova]]. African quarters of 19th-century [[İzmir]], including Sabırtaşı, Dolapkuyu, Tamaşalık, İkiçeşmelik, and Ballıkuyu, are mentioned in contemporary records.<ref name="radikal.com.tr">{{cite web|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/Default.aspx?aType=Detay&ArticleID=896230&Date=30.08.2008&CategoryID=79 |title=Afro-Türklerin tarihi, '&#39;Radikal'&#39;, 30 August 2008, retrieved 22 January 2009 |publisher=Radikal.com.tr |date=2008-08-30 |access-date=2012-05-03}}</ref> Due to the [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|slave trade]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]] that had flourished in the [[Balkans]], the coastal town of [[Ulcinj]] in [[Montenegro]] had its own black community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyber-adventures.com/yugo.html|title=Yugoslavia – Montenegro and Kosovo – The Next Conflict?|publisher=}}</ref> As a consequence of the slave trade and [[privateer]] activity, it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visit-montenegro.com/cities-ulcinj-h.htm|title=ULCINJ&nbsp;– HISTORY|author=dBO Advertising Agency – dbo cg.yu|publisher=}}</ref> The [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Army]] also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in [[Hungary]] during the [[Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18]].<ref>Dieudonne Gnammankou, [http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/russia2.html "African Slave Trade in Russia"], in ''La Channe et le lien'', Doudou Diene, (id.) Paris, Editions UNESCO, 1988.</ref>

==== Arabs ====
(contracted; show full)ome experts, number between 4 and 5 million. [http://www.erionet.org/site/basic100094.html European Roma Information Office]</ref> while according to a Turkish source, they are only 0.05% of Turkey's population (or roughly persons).<ref>"Bu düzenlemeyle ortaya çıkan tabloda Türkiye’de yetişkinlerin (18 yaş ve üstündekilerin) etnik kimliklerin dağılımı ... % 0,05 Roman ... şeklindedir.": {{cite web |url=http://www.konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ttya_tr.pdf |title=Archived copy |access
-date=2009-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030012326/http://konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ttya_tr.pdf |archive-date=2010-10-30 }}</ref> The descendants of the Ottoman Roma today are known as [[Xoraxane]] Roma and are of the [[Islam]]ic faith.<ref>Elena Marushiakova, Veselin Popov (2001) "Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire", {{ISBN|1902806026}}''[[University of Hertfordshire Press]]''
*Original: Елена Марушиакова, Веселин Попов (2000) "Циганите в Османската империя". Литавра, София (''Litavra'' Publishers, [[Sofia]]).{{bg icon}}</ref>

(contracted; show full)== Religious minorities ==
{{Main article|Religion in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Freedom of religion in Turkey}}

===Atheists===
{{Main article|Atheism in Turkey}}

In Turkey, [[Atheism]] is the biggest group after Islam. The percentage of atheists according to polls apparently rose from about 2% in 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf |title=Archived copy |access
-date=2015-11-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021065544/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-21 }}</ref> to approximately 6% in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/Religion_Tabs_Q5_EOY_2016_02.04.2017.pdf# |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001173720/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/Religion_Tabs_Q5_EOY_2016_02.04.2017.pdf# |archive-date=2017-10-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Bahá'í ===
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Today the Christian population of Turkey estimated more than 150,000, includes an estimated 70,000 [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Orthodox]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian in Istanbul: Diaspora in Turkey welcomes the setting of relations and waits more steps from both countries|first=Sara|last=Khojoyan|url=http://armenianow.com/news/10672/armenian_in_istanbul_diaspora_in_t|agency=''ArmeniaNow.com''|date=16 October 2009|access
-date=5 January 2013|archive-date=1 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101063955/https://www.armenianow.com/news/10672/armenian_in_istanbul_diaspora_in_t|url-status=dead}}</ref> 35,000 [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]], 17,000 [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]], 8,000 [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Catholic]], 3,000-4,000 [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]][https://web.archive.org/web/20100501063653/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&(contracted; show full)

==== Protestants ====
{{Main article|Protestantism in Turkey}}

[[Protestants]] comprise far less than one tenth of one percent of the population of Turkey. Even so, there is an Alliance of Protestant Churches in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Evangelical Alliance |url=http://www.worldevangelicalalliance.com/members/europe.htm |url-status=dead |archive
-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003227/http://www.worldevangelicalalliance.com/members/europe.htm |archive-date=2013-12-03 }}</ref><ref name="kirche-in-not.de">{{cite web|title=German Site on Christians in Turkey |url=http://www.kirche-in-not.de/01_aktuelles/meldungen_2006_tuerkische_christen_fuer_eu_beitritt.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002647/http://www.kirche-in-not.de/01_aktuelles/meldungen_2006_tuerkische_christen_fuer_eu_beitritt.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-28 }}</ref>  
The [[constitution of Turkey]] recognizes freedom of religion for individuals. The Armenian Protestants own three Istanbul Churches from the 19th century.<ref name="kirche-in-not.de"/>
On 4 November 2006, a Protestant place of worship was attacked with six [[Molotov cocktail]]s.<ref>{{cite web | author= | year=| title=Christian Persecution Info  | format= | work=  | url=http://www.christianpersecution.info/news/turkey-attackers-firebomb-protestant-church/ |accessdate=}}</ref> 
Turkish media have criticized Christian missionary activity intensely.<ref>{{cite web | author= | year=| title=Christianity Today | format= | work=  | url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2005/juneweb-only/32.0b.html/ |accessdate=}}</ref>

There is an ethnic [[Protestantism in Turkey|Turkish Protestant Christian community]] most of them came from recent Muslim Turkish backgrounds, rather than from ethnic minorities.<ref>[http://www.christiancentury.org/article/2011-03/turkish-protestants-still-face-long-path-religious-freedom Turkish Protestants still face "long path" to religious freedom]</ref><ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=christians-in-east-remain-worried-des(contracted; show full)

In February 2006, Catholic priest [[Andrea Santoro]], an Italian missionary working in Turkey for 10 years, was shot twice at his church near the Black Sea.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 6, 2006 |title=Priest's killing shocks Christians in Turkey |work=Catholic World News |url=http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=42255 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211165101/http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=42255 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 11, 2006 |access
-date=2006-06-26 }}</ref> He had written a letter to the Pope asking him to visit Turkey.<ref>{{cite web | author=| date= February 9, 2006| title=Priest Slain in Turkey Had Sought Pope Visit | format=| work=Reuters | url=https://www.nytimes.com/glogin?URI=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/09/international/europe/09vatican.html&OQ=_rQ3D1Q26nQ3DTopQ252fReferenceQ252fTimesQ2520TopicsQ252fOrganizationsQ252fRQ252fRomanQ2520CatholicQ2520ChurchQ2520&OP=789afff8Q2FQ3DQ2AdUQ3DcN_PQ27NNibQ3Db77(Q3D7bQ3D7TQ3DQ24aidQ27auiQ24NauxQ3DdSQ27NQ3FdQ3D7TQ5DuiQ24_ua2Q7CiQ51x | access-date=2006-06-26}}</ref> [[Pope Benedict XVI]] visited Turkey in November 2006.<ref>{{cite web | author=| date= February 9, 2006| title= Confirmed: Pope to visit Turkey in November | format=| work=Catholic World News | url=http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=42328 | access-date=2006-06-26}}</ref> Relations had been rocky since Pope Benedict XVI had stated his opposition to Turkey joining the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Donovan, Jeffrey | date= April 20, 2005| title= World: New Pope Seen As Maintaining Roman Catholic Doctrinal Continuity | work=Radio Free Europe | url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/04/b1b15b4e-bf68-4fc8-bd03-c6552f9d067a.html | access-date=2006-06-26}}</ref> [[The Council of Catholic Bishops]] met with the Turkish prime minister in 2004 to discuss restrictions and difficulties such as property issues.<ref>{{cite web | author=| date= September 15, 2004| title=Turkey | work=International Religious Freedom Report 2004| url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35489.htm | access-date=2006-06-26}}</ref> More recently, Bishop [[Luigi Padovese]], on June 6, 2010, the Vicar Apostolic of Turkey, was killed.

=== Jews ===
{{Main article|Jews in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Antisemitism in Turkey}}

There have been [[Romaniotes|Jewish communities in Asia Minor]] since at least the 5th century BC and many [[Sephardic Jews|Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] [[Alhambra Decree|expelled from Spain]] were welcomed to the Ottoman Empire (including regions part of modern Turkey) in the late 15th century. Despite [[Aliyah|emigration]] during the 20th century, modern-day Turkey continues to have a small Jewish population.
There is a small Karaite Jewish population numbering around 100. Karaite Jews are not considered Jews by the Turkish Hakhambashi.

=== Muslims ===
{{Main article|Islam in Turkey}}
==== Alawites ====
[[File:Alevis_in_Turkey.png|thumb|right|300px|Distribution of Alevi population in Turkey. Red = Anatolian Alevis (Turks, Kurds and Zazas). Dark red = Alawites (Arabs) in Southern Turkey.]]
{{Main article|Alawites in Turkey}}
The exact number of [[Alawites]]  in Turkey is unknown, but there were 185 000 Alawites in 1970.<ref>{{Cite book | author-link=  | coauthors= | title=State and rural society in medieval Islam: sultans, muqtaʻs, and fallahun | year=1997 | publisher=E.J. Brill | location=Leiden  | isbn=90-04-10649-9 | pages=162}}</ref> As [[Muslim]]s, they are not recorded separately from Sunnis in ID registration. In the [[Demographics of Turkey#1965 linguistic census|1965 census]] (the last Turkish census where informants were asked their [[mother tongue]]), 180,000 people in the three provinces declared their mother tongue as [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. How(contracted; show full){{Reflist|30em}}

{{Demographics of Turkey}}
{{Europe topic|Ethnic minorities in}}
{{Asia topic|Ethnic minorities in}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]]
[[Category:Ethnic minorities]]