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This is a '''list of''' noted '''scientists''' ordered by by nationality.

==Afghanistan==
*[[Ashraf Ghani]], President of Afghanistan (as of 2017); he is a scientist in the field of [[Anthropology]]
*[[Abdul Karim Mustaghni]], was Defense Minister of Afghanistan; died in 2004

==Albania==
*[[Ferid Murad]] - he has a [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].

==Argentina==
{{main|List of biologists|List of ecologists}}⏎
*[[Ernesto Sabato]] - he got the [[award]], [[Legion of Honour]]; his field was [[Physics]]; he died in 2011

==Armenia==
*[[Boris Babaian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/elbrus-e2k.html|title=Elbrus E2K|access-date=2017-09-17|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055344/http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/elbrus-e2k.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/bios/bbabayan.htm Boris A. B(contracted; show full)ance computer] – history of the Elbrus project with an 18-minute video interview from the [[Computer History Museum]] oral history collection</ref> - he got the [[award]]s (from the [[Soviet Union]]): the [[USSR State Prize]] for his achievements in 1974 in the field of [[computer-aided design]], and the [[Lenin Prize]] in 1987 for the Elbrus-2 supercomputer design. Since 1984, he has been a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (later - [[Russian Academy of Sciences]])

==Australia==

{{main|List of biologists|List of mathematicians}}⏎
*[[Peter C. Doherty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.famousscientists.org/25-famous-australian-scientists-contributions/|title=25 Famous Australian Scientists and their Contributions}}</ref> - he got the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]; his fields of science are [[Medicine]] and [[veterinary science]].

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*[[Peter Gavin Hall]], one of only three researchers based outside of North America to win the [[COPSS presidents' Award]]; Mathematics, statistics; died in 2016

==Austria==
{{main|List of biologists}}⏎
*[[Peter M. Gruber]], [[Fellow]] of the [[American Mathematical Society]], for "contributions to the geometry of numbers and to convex and discrete geometry";<ref name="auto">[http://www.ams.org/profession/ams-fellows/new-fellows 2014 Class of the Fellows of the AMS], [[American Mathematical Society]]. Retrieved 2013-11-04.</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.tuwien.ac.at/aktuelles/news_detail/article/124820/|title=Peter M. Gruber – ein Nachruf|work=tuwien.ac.at|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> [[Geometric number theory]],<ref name=zong>{{cite journal |work= The mathematical intelligencer |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=25&ndash;31 |doi= 10.1007/s00283-009-9042-1 |title= Geometry of Numbers in Vienna |first= Chuanming |last=Zong }}</ref> and convex and discrete geometry;<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> died in 2017

==Azerbaijan==
{{main|List of mathematicians}}⏎
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*[[Lotfi A. Zadeh]] - [[pioneer]] (or one of the earliest scientists) of [[fuzzy logic]]; computer scientist, electrical engineer, mathematician; d. in 2017

==Bangladesh==
*[[Muhammed Zafar Iqbal]] - he has a [[Bangladesh National Film Awards]] for Best Story; he is a scholar of engineering and [[computer science]].

==Belarusia==
*[[Lev Vygotsky]], credited for starting the [[concept]], [[zone of proximal development]], or ZPD, which is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she cannot do;<ref name="ReferenceA">Zone of proximal development. (2009). In ''Penguin dictionary of psychology.'' Retrieved from Credo Reference database</ref><ref>Stanlaw, J. (2005). Vygotsky, lev semenovich (1896--1934). In ''Encyclopedia of anthropology.'' Retrieved from Credo Reference Database</ref> Psychology; died in 1934

==Belgium==
{{main|List of biologists}}⏎
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==Belize==
*[[Janet Gibson]] - she got the [[Goldman Environmental Prize]] in 1990;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/8476/WCS-Scientist-Honored-by-Queen-Elizabeth-II.aspx|title=WCS Scientist Honored by Queen Elizabeth II > Newsroom|website=newsroom.wcs.org}}</ref> she is a [[zoologist]] (and therefore also a [[biologist]]). 
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==Bosnia and Herzegovina==
*[[Alojz Benac]] - became a corresponding member of the [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts|Yugoslav/Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]], [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]], [[Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]; [[Archeology]]; died in 1992.

==Brazil==

{{main|List of biologists|List of mathematicians}}⏎
* [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]], sociologist and former President
* [[Adib Jatene]], was Minister of Health; heart [[surgeon]]; died in 2014
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* [[Warwick Estevam Kerr]], is a member of the [[Brazilian Academy of Sciences]], Foreign Associate of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] of the USA,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nas.nasonline.org/site/Dir/989495092?pg=rslts|title=National Academy of Sciences|website=nas.nasonline.org}}</ref> and of the [[Third World Academy of Sciences]]; member of the [[National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)|National Order of Scientific Merit]]; Genetics, Biology, [[Agronomy]], [[Entomology]]
* [[Fritz Müller]], known for Müllerian [[mimicry]]; [[Evolutionary biology]]; died in 1897

==Bulgaria==
*[[Lyubomir Ivanov]], got the [[award]], ''Acad. Nikola Obreshkov Prize'', the highest Bulgarian award in mathematics.;<ref>[[:File:Nikola-Obreshkov-Prize.png|The ''Academician Nikola Obreshkov Prize'' for 1987]]</ref> Linguistics, Mathematics

==Canada==
{{main|List of biologists}}

==Czechina==
{{main|List of biologists}}

==Chile==
{{main|List of biologists|List of mathematicians|List of physicists}}

==China==
{{mainsee also|List of Chinese mathematicians}}

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*[[Shen Kuo]], was [[finance minister]]; [[Astronomy]]; died in 1095

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(contracted; show full)rst geometric [[procedure]] for finding out the [[equator]] of a rotating [[planet]] from three [[observation]]s of a surface feature and for computing the [[orbit]] of a planet from three observations of its position; discoverer of the absence of atmosphere on the [[Moon]];<ref>{{cite book|title=Энциклопедия для детей (астрономия)|publisher=Аванта+|date=1998|location=Москва|isbn=978-5-89501-016-7}}</ref> he was from [[Dubrovnik|a city in what later became Croatia]]; died in 1787

== Czechia==

{{main|List of biologists}}⏎
*[[Petr Vopěnka]], he developed [[Alternative set theory]]; died in 2015

== Denmark==
{{main|List of biologists}}⏎
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==Egypt==
[[File:Ibrahim_Anouleish_20071120_1.jpg|right|50px]]
*[[Ibrahim Abouleish]], [[founder]] of [[SEKEM]] - an organization for [[biodynamic farming]] methods; got the [[Right Livelihood Award]]; [[Pharmacology]]; died in 2017
*[[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], was [[United Nations Secretary-General]]; a leading figure in the peace process between Egypt and Israel; [[Law]]; died in 2016
*[[Mamdouh Eldamaty]], is a former [[Ministry of State of Antiquities|Minister of Antiquities]]; [[Egyptology]]
* [[Euclid of Alexandria]], known for [[Euclidean geometry]], [[Euclid's Elements|Euclid's ''Elements'']], [[Euclidean algorithm]]; died in the middle of [[3rd century BC]]

[[File:Ahmed_Zewail_HD2009_Othmer_Gold_Medal_portrait.JPG|right|50px]]
*[[Ahmed Zewail]], got [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]]; [[Chemistry]]; 2016

== Estonia ==
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*[[Karl Ernst von Baer]], [[Embryology]] (within Biology); died in 1876
*[[Madis Kõiv]] - he got the [[award]], the  Tuglas short story award; physicist, writer and philosopher; died in 2014

==Fiji==
*[[Mahendra Reddy]] - minister of [[Ministry for Education, National Heritage, Culture and Arts]]

==France==
{{main|List of biologists|List of physicists}}⏎
{{see also|Category:French mathematicians}}
* [[Jacqueline Naze Tjøtta]], the first female mathematical sciences professor in [[Norway]];<ref name=ap>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/personalia/Nekrolog-Jacqueline-Andre-Naze-Tjotta-617311b.html |title=Nekrolog: Jacqueline Andreè Naze Tjøtta |work=[[Aftenposten]] |first1=Jarle |last1=Berntsen |first2=Per |last2=Lunde |language=no|date=16 March 2017|access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> [[Applied mathematics]], she died in 2017
* [[Sophie Germain]]

==Finland==
{{main|List of ecologists}}⏎
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== Georgia ==
*[[Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.science.org.ge/english.html |title=Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS) |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=2013-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022104401/http://science.org.ge/english.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tsu.edu.ge/|title=ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი|website=ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი}}</ref><ref>[http://www.acnet.ge/pl/gamkrelidze.htm Home Page of Tamaz Gamkrelidze] (2015-07-05 not accessible)</ref> - a former member of the Parliament of Georgia;  he is an [[assyriology|assyriologist]] (and therefore a [[linguist]])
*[[Jamshid Giunashvili]]<ref>[http://www.fereidani.ge/33_jemshid/33_jemshid.html ფერეიიდანი, ჯემშიდ გიუნაშვილი - მეგობრობის მაცნე] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100142/http://www.fereidani.ge/33_jemshid/33_jemshid.html |date=2015-04-02 }} (in Georgian)</ref> - he was a [[linguist]] ([[Iranologist]]); died in 2017

==Germany==
{{main|List of biologists}}⏎
{{see also|Category:German mathematicians}}
* [[Fritz Müller]], known for Müllerian [[mimicry]]; [[Evolutionary biology]]; died in 1897

==Great Britain==⏎
{{main|List of biologists}}

===England===
* [[Charles Babbage]], credited with inventing the first [[mechanical computer]] (or [[analytical engine]]);<ref name="babb">{{cite web|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/|title=The Modern History of Computing (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)|last=Copeland|first=B. Jack|date=Dec 18, 2000|work=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|access-date=1 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author= Newman, M.H.A. | title=‘General Principles of th(contracted; show full) |year=2005 
 |access-date=2008-11-17 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930164946/http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/112 
 |archive-date=2008-09-30 
}}</ref>


==Holland==
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==Honduras==
*[[Julieta Castellanos]] - she has the [[award]], the [[International Women of Courage Award]] from the U.S. State Department.<ref>{{cite web|last=Demers|first=Peter|title=Security and Human Rights in Honduras: A Conversation with Julieta Castellanos|url=http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32&pubID=3253|publisher=Inter-American Dialogue|date=7 March 2013|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316204553/http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32&pubID=3253|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Hungary==
*[[János Bolyai]], one of the founders of [[non-Euclidean geometry]] — a geometry that differs from [[Euclidean geometry]] in its definition of [[parallel]] lines; Mathematics; died in 1860
*[[Paul Erdős]], published around 1,500 mathematical papers during his lifetime, a figure that remains unsurpassed;<ref>According to {{cite web |title=Facts about Erdös Numbers and the Collaboration Graph |url=http://oakland.edu/enp/trivia/}}, using the Mathematical Reviews data base, the next highest article count is roughly 823.</ref> died 1996

==Iceland==
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*[[Gísli Guðjónsson]] - he is the [[creator]] of the [[Gudjonsson suggestibility scale]]

==India==
{{main|List of Indian scientists}}

==India==⏎
*[[Satyendra Nath Bose]], known for [[Bose–Einstein condensate]] and [[Bose–Einstein statistics]]; Mathematics, Physics; died in 1974 
*[[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], known for [[Landau–Ramanujan constant]], [[Mock theta function]]s, [[Ramanujan conjecture]], [[Ramanujan prime]], [[Ramanujan–Soldner constant]], [[Ramanujan theta function]], [[Ramanujan's sum]], [[Rogers–Ramanujan identities]], [[Ramanujan's master theorem]]; [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]; Mathematics; died in 1920

==Indonesia==
*[[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie]] - a former president of Indonesia; scientist of [[aerospace engineering]]

==Italy==
{{main|List of biologists}}⏎
* [[Gerolamo Cardano]], he invented - partially - the [[gimbal]] consisting of three [[concentric]] rings allowing a supported [[compass]] or [[gyroscope]] to rotate freely, and the [[driveshaft|Cardan shaft]];<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=GNpEPgAACAAJ |title=Jerome Cardan: A Biographical Study |publisher= [[Dodo Press]] |isbn=9781409959595 |date=January 2009 }}</ref> died in 1576

==Iran==
{{main|List of Iranian scientists}}⏎
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==Japan==
* [[Masaaki Sugihara]] - former professor at the [[University of Tokyo]]
* [[Masao Iri]]
* [[Masatake Mori]]
*[[Motoo Kimura]], and [[Tomoko Ohta|one other]], [[introduction|introduced]] [or where the first to present] the [[neutral theory of molecular evolution]];<ref name=Kimura68>{{cite journal |last=Kimura |first=Motoo |year=1968 |title= Evolutionary rate at the molecular level |journal= Nature |volume=217 |pages=624–626 |url= http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/classictexts/kimura(contracted; show full)ps://books.google.com/books?id=uslA2z0sf28C&hl=en ''Frage und erkenne (Ask and understand)''], LIT Verlag Münster, p. 118. {{ISBN|978-3-643-11266-8}}.</ref> and [[hypostatic abstraction]]" [[:en:Hypostatic abstraction|(en)]];<ref name="Short">Short, TL  (1997) Hypostatic abstraction in self-consciousness, in Foster, P (ed.) ''The Rule of Reason: The Philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce''</ref> he is a [[psychologist]]

==Russia==

{{main|List of biologists}}⏎
* [[Leonid Kantorovich]] - Russian mathematician
* [[Sofya Kovalevskaya]] - Russian mathematician

==Solomon Islands==
*[[Hikuna Judge]], collected the first known sample of the [[Vangunu giant rat]]; [[Tyrone Lavery]] and Judge gave the first [[species description]] (for the Vangunu giant rat)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/giant-tree-dwelling-coconut-eating-rat-species-discovered/|title=Giant Tree-Dwelling, Coconut-Eating Rat Species Discovered|first=Jason G.|last=Goldman|website=Scientific American}}</ref>

==South Africa==
{{main|List of biologists}}⏎
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==South Korea==
*[[Yanghee Choi]] - he is a former minister of [[Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cse.snu.ac.kr/en/professor/yanghee-choi|title=Yanghee Choi - SNU Computer Science and Engineering|website=cse.snu.ac.kr}}</ref> he is a [[computer scientist]].

==Sweden==
{{main|List of biologists}}

==Switzerland==
{{main|List of biologists}}itzerland==

* [[Leonhard Euler]], was the first to show the [[notion]] of (or idea about), a [[function (mathematics)|mathematical function]];<ref name="function">{{harvnb|Dunham|1999|p=17}}</ref> died in 1783

==Syria==
*[[Al-Battani]], known for showing several relations within [[trigonometry]]; he lived and worked in [[Ar-Raqqah|a city that now belongs to Syria]]; died in 929

==Thailand==
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==Turkey==
{{main| List of Turkish scientists}}
*[[Feza Gürsey]], took part in the [[formulation]] of [[E6 (mathematics)|E(6)]] [[Grand unification theory|grand unified theories]];<ref>F. Gürsey, P. Ramond, P. Sikivie, ''A universal gauge theory model based on E6'', Physics Letters B, Volume 60, Issue 2, 5 January 1976, Pages 177-180.</ref> [[Mathematical physics]]; died in 1992

==Ukraine==

{{main|List of mathematicians}}⏎
*[[Kostiantyn Sytnyk]] - he was a [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada]] (a [[parliament]]) of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]];  [[Botany]]; he died in 2017

==United States==
{{main|List of biologists|List of ecologists}}⏎
*[[Thomas Edison]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/thomas-edison|title=Thomas Edison|first=History com|last=Editors|website=HISTORY}}</ref> - he and his workers made "the first practical incandescent [[light bulb]]";<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/43424-who-invented-the-light-bulb.html|title=Who Invented the Light Bulb?|first1=Elizabeth|last1=Palermo|first2=Associate Editor |last2=August 16|first3=2017 10:02pm|last3=ET|website=Live Sci(contracted; show full)
*[[List of scientists from Oceania]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of scientists| ]]
[[Category:Lists of scientists by nationality|*]]