Difference between revisions 8170241 and 8170259 on simplewiki

{{Excessive citations|date=March 2022}}
The '''Safavid dynasty''', (Persian: دودمان صفوی, <small>romanized:</small> ''Dudmâne Safavi''<ref>* {{cite book|title=Tārīkh-i ʻʻālamārā-yi ʻʻAbbāsī|last1=Afšār|first1=ta·līf-i Iskandar Baig Turkmān. Zīr-i naẓar bā tanẓīm-i fihristhā wa muqaddama-i Īraǧ|date=2003|publisher=Mu·assasa-i Intišārāt-i Amīr Kabīr|isbn=978-964-00-0818-8|edition=Čāp-i 3.|location=Tihrān|pages=17, 18, 19, 79|language=fa}}
* p. 17: dudmān-i safavīa
* p. 18: khāndān-i safavīa
* p. 19: sīlsīla-i safavīa
* p. 79: sīlsīla-i alīa-i safavīa</ref>'')'' It was an Iranian dynasty,<ref name=":0" /> ruled Iran between 1501 and 1736 (or 1722<ref>Tapper, Richard. (1997), Frontier nomads of Iran: a political and social history of the Shahsevan, Cambridge University Press, p. 39, "The '''Safavid''' Shahs who ruled Iran between '''1501''' and '''1722''' descended from Sheikh Safi ad-Din of Ardabil (1252-1334)."</ref>), reasserting the Iranian identity of the region and establishing an independent Iranian state.<ref>Savory, Roger. (1980), Iran under the Safavids, Cambridge University Press, p. 3, "Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted '''Iranian identity''' and established an independent '''Iranian state''' after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties?"</ref>{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Safavid dynasty
| common_name            = 
| native_name            = 
| image_flag             = File:Safavid Flag.svg
| flag_border            = no
| flag_caption           = Flag of Safavid Iran
| image_coat             = File:Lion and Sun (Pahlavi Dynasty).svg
| symbol_type            = Imperial Coat of Arms
| national_anthem        = 
| image_map              = File:Safavid dynasty (greatest extent).svg
| capital                = Tabriz (1501–1555)<br>Qazvin (1555–1598)<br>Isfahan (1598–1736)
| official_languages     = Persian<ref>Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-20094-6}}. p. 331.</ref>
| religion               = Islam
| demonym                = 
| government_type        = Absolute monarchy
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
| currency               = 
| status                 = 
| year_end               = 1736
| year_start             = 1501
| image_map_caption      = The Safavid Empire under Abbas I the Great
| common_languages       = 
| title_leader           = Shahanshah
| year_leader1           = 1501–1524
| leader1                = Ismail I (first)
| year_leader2           = 1732–1736
| leader2                = Abbas III (last)
| year_leader3           = 
| leader3                = 
| year_leader4           = 
| leader4                = 
| event_start            = 
| date_start             = 
| event_end              = 
| date_end               = 
| stat_area1             = 
| p1                     = 
| s1                     = Afsharid dynasty
| p2                     = 
| flag_s1                = Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg
| flag_s2                = 
| s2                     = 
| s3                     = 
| today                  = 
| flag                   = 
}}
The Safavid dynasty is descended from the Kurdish<ref>Maisel, Sebastian (2018). The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-4408-4257-3}}. p. 7, "(...) Safavids, a Sufi religious order founded by a '''Kurdish''' mystic, '''Safi ad-Din Ardabili''' (1252–1334)."</ref><ref>Kamal, Muhammad (2006). Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0754652717}}. p. 24, "(...) '''Shaykh Safi al-Din''', a Sunni Sufi master descended from a '''Kurdish''' family (...)"</ref><ref>Gelvin, James L. (2008), The Modern Middle East: A History, Oxford University Press, p. 331, "Shah Isma'il (reigned 1501-1520) Descendent of the '''Kurdish''' mystic '''Safi ad-Din''' (...)"</ref><ref>Tapper, Richard. (1997), Frontier nomads of Iran: a political and social history of the Shahsevan, Cambridge University Press, p. 39, "The Safavid Shahs who ruled Iran between 1501 and 1722 descended from '''Sheikh Safi ad-Din''' of '''Ardabil''' (1252-1334). [...] Their own origins were obscure: probably of '''Kurdish''' or Iranian extraction (...)"</ref><ref>Lapidus, Ira M. (2012). Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge University Press. p. 492, "'''Shaykh Safi al—Din''' [...] a Sunni/Sufi religious teacher descended from a '''Kurdish''' family (...)"</ref><ref>V. Minorsky, "The Poetry of Shāh Ismā‘īl I," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 10/4 (1942): 1006–53.</ref> mystic Safi-ad-din Ardabili.<ref>Tapper, Richard. (1997), Frontier nomads of Iran: a political and social history of the Shahsevan, Cambridge University Press, p. 39, "The '''Safavid''' Shahs who ruled Iran between 1501 and 1722 descended from Sheikh '''Safi ad-Din of Ardabil''' (1252-1334). [...] Their own origins were obscure: probably of '''Kurdish''' or Iranian extraction (...)"</ref>

== Origins ==
Before the Safavids, Iran was ruled by the Aq Qoyunlu, a Turkic<ref>The Book of Dede Korkut (F.Sumer, A.Uysal, W.Walker ed.). University of Texas Press. 1972. p. Introduction. {{ISBN|0-292-70787-8}}. "Better known as '''Turkomans''' (...) the interim '''Ak-Koyunlu''' and Karakoyunlu dynasties (...)"</ref><ref>Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 1. Santa-Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. p. 431. {{ISBN|978-159884-336-1}}. "His Qizilbash army overcame the massed forces of the dominant '''Ak Koyunlu''' (White Sheep) '''Turkomans''' (...)"</ref><ref>Quiring-Zoche, R. "AQ QOYUNLŪ". Encyclopædia Iranica. p. 163—168. "(...) a confederation of '''Turkman''' tribes who ruled in eastern Anatolia and western Iran (...)"</ref><ref>V. Minorsky. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 17, No. 3 (1955), pp. 449—462: "There still remain many interesting and important problems connected with the emergence in the 14th century of the '''Turkman federations''' of the Qara-qoyunlu (780—874/1378-1469) and '''Aq-qoyunlu''' (780—908/1378-1502).''"''</ref> tribal confederation. The Safavids, unlike their predecessors, the Aq Qoyunlu, were not of Turkic descent. The dynasty, was of Iranian<ref name=":0">Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford; Lewis, Bernard. (1984). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 394, "What does seem certain is that the '''Safavids''' were of native '''Iranian''' stock, and spoke Āzarī, the form of Turkish used in Āzarbāyjān."</ref> (possibly Kurdish<ref>Matthee, Rudi. (2005), The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900, Princeton University Press, p. 18, "The '''Safavids''', as '''Iranians''' of '''Kurdish''' ancestry and of nontribal background (...)"</ref><ref>Savory, Roger. (2008). "EBN BAZZĀZ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1. p. 8, "This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the '''Kurdish''' origins of the '''Safavid''' family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams. (...)"</ref><ref>Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi. (2009), "Ṣafavid Dynasty", In Esposito, John L. (ed.) The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Oxford University Press; "Of '''Kurdish''' ancestry, the '''Ṣafavids''' started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)"</ref><ref name=":022">Tapper, Richard. (1997), Frontier nomads of Iran: a political and social history of the Shahsevan, Cambridge University Press, p. 39, "The '''Safavid''' Shahs who ruled Iran between 1501 and 1722 descended from Sheikh Safi ad-Din of Ardabil (1252-1334). Sheikh Safi and his immediate successors were renowned as holy ascetics Sufis. Their own origins were obscure: probably of '''Kurdish''' or '''Iranian''' extraction (...)"</ref><ref>Matthee, Rudi. (2008), "SAFAVID DYNASTY", Encyclopaedia Iranica; "As Persians of '''Kurdish''' ancestry and of a non-tribal background, the '''Safavids''' did not fit this pattern, though the state they set up with the assistance of Turkmen tribal forces of eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup."</ref><ref>Amanat, Abbas (2017). Iran: A Modern History. Yale University Press. p. 40, "The '''Safavi''' house originally was among the landowning nobility of '''Kurdish''' origin (...)"</ref><ref>Bowering, Gerhard (2015). Islamic Political Thought: An Introduction. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-4008-6642-7}}. p. 13, "The '''Safavids''', of '''Kurdish''' origin and Turkic-speaking, arose from the Sunni Sufi fraternity of the Safawis organized in Azerbaijan by Safı al-Din (d. 1334) (...)"</ref><ref>Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2013). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-691-13484-0}}. p. xii, "The Turkic-speaking '''Safavids''' of '''Kurdish''' origin arose from a Sunni Sufi fraternity that was organized in Azerbaijan by Safı al-Din (d. 1334) (...)"</ref><ref>Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2021). Nomads in the Middle East. Cambridge University Press. p. 169, "The '''Safavid dynasty''' was of '''Iranian''' – probably '''Kurdish''' – extraction and had its beginnings as a Sufi order located at Ardabil near the eastern border of Azerbaijan, in a region favorable for both agriculture and pastoralism."</ref>) origin. Also, the origin of the dynasty was based on Kurdistan.<ref>Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford; Lewis, Bernard. (1984). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 394, "Such evidence as we have seems to suggest that the family hailed from '''Kurdistān'''."</ref> 

E.J. van Donzel says;<ref>E. J. van Donzel (1994). Islamic desk reference. BRILL. p. 222.</ref> <blockquote>Several dynasties, such as the Marwanids of Diyarbakir, the Ayyubids, the Shaddadis and possibly the '''Safawids''', as well as prominent personalities, were of '''Kurdish''' origin.</blockquote>

== History ==
The state was founded by Ismail I in July 1501 in Tabriz, declaring himself Shah.<ref>Ismāʿīl I, in Britannica, (2011).</ref> Ismail's rule is one of the most vital in Iranian history.  Prior to accession to the throne in 1501, Iran had not existed as a unified country under native Iranian rule since it was conquered by the Arabs eight and a half centuries ago, but was controlled by a number of Arab caliphs, Turkic sultans and Mongol khans. Although many Iranian dynasties came to power during all this time (Tahirids,<ref>Frye, R. N.; Fisher, William Bayne; Frye, Richard Nelson; Avery, Peter; Gershevitch, Ilya; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Jackson, Peter (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-20093-6}}. p. 90, "The '''Tāhirids''' were culturally highly Arabicized, but they were nevertheless '''Persians'''."</ref> Saffarids,<ref>Robert E. Bjork (2010). (ed.). Saffarid dynasty. The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780198662624}}, "One of the first indigenous '''Persian''' dynasties to emerge after the Arab Islamic invasions."</ref><ref>Daftary, Farhad. Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis. p. 51, "The '''Saffarids''', the first '''Persian''' dynasty, to challenge the Abbasids (...)"</ref><ref>Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (eds.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. 2. p. 674, "'''Saffarids''': A '''Persian''' dynasty (...)"</ref><ref>Aldosari, Ali. Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. p. 472, "There were many local '''Persian''' dynasties, including the Tahirids, the '''Saffarids''' (...)"</ref> Samanids<ref>Frye, R. N.; Fisher, William Bayne; Frye, Richard Nelson; Avery, Peter; Gershevitch, Ilya; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Jackson, Peter (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-20093-6}}. p. 160, "The memory of the '''Sāmānids''', not only as the last '''Iranian''' dynasty in Central Asia, but that dynasty which unified the area under one rule and which saved the legacy of ancient Iran from extinction, lasted long in Central Asia..."</ref><ref>Bosworth, C. E.; Crowe, Yolande (2012), "Sāmānids", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, "(...) a '''Persian''' dynasty which ruled in Transoxania and then in Ḵh̲urāsān (...)"</ref> etc.) it was only during the Buyids period that most of Iran returned to Iranian rule (945–1055).<ref>Savory, Roger (1998). "ESMĀʿĪL I ṢAFAWĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6. pp. 628–636.</ref> Founded by Ismail I, the state was one of the largest Iranian empires and among the most powerful of its time;  present-day Iran, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Armenia and most of Georgia;  He ruled parts of the North Caucasus, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as present-day Syria, Turkey, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan.<ref>Helen Chapin Metz. ''Iran, a Country study''. 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.</ref><ref>Emory C. Bogle. ''Islam: Origin and Belief''. University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.</ref><ref>Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.</ref><ref>Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: ''Rebirth of a Persian Empire'', I.B. Tauris (March 30, 2006).</ref> 

The Safavid shahs established the Twelver school of Shia Islam as the official religion of the empire.<ref>Roger Savory, "Safavids", Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.</ref>

== Family tree ==
Paternal lineage of the Safavid dynasty;

* Firuz-Shah Zarrin-Kolah (a Kurdish<ref>Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 204, "(...) a '''Kurdish''' noble man named '''Firuz Shah Zarin Kolah''' the '''Kurd''' of Sanjan."</ref> noble man.)
* Avaad 
* Qotb al-Din Mohammad 
* Salah al-Din Rashid 
* Qotb al-Din Abu Bakr
* Amin al-Din Jebrail 
* Safi-ad-din Ardabili (a Kurdish<ref>Maisel, Sebastian (2018). The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society. ABC-CLIO. p. 7, "(...) Safavids, a Sufi religious order founded by a '''Kurdish''' mystic, '''Safi ad-Din Ardabili''' (1252–1334)."</ref><ref>Kamal, Muhammad (2006). Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 24, "(...) '''Shaykh Safi al-Din''', a Sunni Sufi master descended from a '''Kurdish''' family (...)"</ref><ref>Gelvin, James L. (2008), The Modern Middle East: A History, Oxford University Press, p. 331, "Shah Isma'il (reigned 1501-1520) Descendent of the '''Kurdish''' mystic '''Safi ad-Din''' (...)"</ref><ref>Tapper, Richard. (1997), Frontier nomads of Iran: a political and social history of the Shahsevan, Cambridge University Press, p. 39, "The Safavid Shahs who ruled Iran between 1501 and 1722 descended from '''Sheikh Safi ad-Din''' of '''Ardabil''' (1252-1334). [...] Their own origins were obscure: probably of '''Kurdish''' or Iranian extraction (...)"</ref><ref>Lapidus, Ira M. (2012). Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge University Press. p. 492, "'''Shaykh Safi al—Din''' [...] a Sunni/Sufi religious teacher descended from a '''Kurdish''' family (...)"</ref><ref>V. Minorsky, "The Poetry of Shāh Ismā‘īl I," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 10/4 (1942): 1006–53.</ref> poet, mystic teacher and Sufi master.)
* Sadr al-Din Musa
* Sheikh Khvajeh Ali Safavi
* Sheikh Ibrahim Shāh
* Sheikh Junāyd
* Sheikh Ḥaydar
* Shah Ismail I (Founder of Safavid dynasty, grandson of Kurdish mystic Safi-ad-din Ardabili.<ref>Gelvin, James L. (2008), The Modern Middle East: A History, Oxford University Press, p. 331, "'''Shah Isma'il''' (reigned 1501-1520) Descendent of the '''Kurdish''' mystic '''Safi ad-Din''' (...)"</ref>)
* Shah Tahmasp I
* Shah Ismail II{{Efn|One of Shah Tahmasp's two sons.}}
* Shah Mohammad Khodabanda{{Efn|One of Shah Tahmasp's two sons.}}
* Shah Abbas I/Abbas the Great 
* Mohammad Baqer Mirza
* Shah Safi
* Shah Abbas II
* Shah Suleiman I/Sam Mirza/Safi II
* Sultan Husayn
* Shah Tahmasp II
* Shah Abbas III

==References==
{{reflist}}
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
[[Category:History of Iran]]
[[Category:History of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:History of Islam]]
[[Category:Azerbaijani dynasties]]
[[Category:Royal dynasties]]
[[Category:1500s establishments]]
[[Category:18th-century disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:16th-century establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1722 disestablishments]]