Difference between revisions 272183 and 323437 on testwiki

[[File:The Normal Distribution.svg|thumb|283px|right|More [[Probability density function|probability density]] is found as one gets closer to the expected (mean) value in a [[normal distribution]]. Statistics used in [[Standardized testing (statistics)|standardized testing]] assessment are shown. The scales include ''[[standard deviations]], cumulative percentages, percentile equivalents, Z-scores, T-scores, standard nines,'' and ''percentages in standard nines.'']]
(contracted; show full)Gerolamo Cardano]], [[Blaise Pascal]] and [[Pierre de Fermat]]. Mathematical [[probability theory]] arose from the study of games of chance, although the concept of probability was already examined in [[Medieval Roman law|medieval law]] and by philosophers such as [[Juan Caramuel]].<ref>J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability before Pascal,Johns Hopkins Univ Pr 2002</ref> The [[method of least squares]] was first described by  [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] in 1805.

[[File:
Mw160883Karl Pearson, 1910.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Karl Pearson]], a founder of mathematical statistics.]]

The modern field of statistics emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century in three stages.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYFRAAAAMAAJ|title=Studies in the history of statistical method|author=Helen Mary Walker|year=1975|publisher=Arno Press}}</ref> The first wave, at the turn of the century, was led by the work of [[Francis Galton]] and [[Karl Pearson]], who transformed statistics into (contracted; show full)[[Category:Data]]
[[Category:Evaluation methods]]
[[Category:Formal sciences]]
[[Category:Information]]
[[Category:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)]]
[[Category:Mathematical sciences]]
[[Category:Research methods]]
[[Category:Scientific method]]