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Statistics
[[File:The Normal Distribution.svg|thumb|283px|right|More [[Probability density function|probability density]] is found as one gets closer to the expected (mean) value in a [[normal distribution]]. Statistics used in [[Standardized testing (statistics)|standardized testing]] assessment are shown. The scales include ''[[standard deviations]], cumulative percentages, percentile equivalents, Z-scores, T-scores, standard nines,'' and ''percentages in standard nines.'']]
(contracted; show full)ics to, e.g., a scientific, industrial, or societal problem, it is conventional to begin with a [[statistical population]] or a [[statistical model]] process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Statistics deals with all aspects of data including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of [[statistical survey|survey]]s and [[experimental design|experiments]].<ref name=Dodge/>


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When [[census]] data cannot be collected, statisticians collect data by developing specific experiment designs and survey [[sample (statistics)|samples]]. Representative sampling assures that inferences and conclusions can safely extend from the sample to the population as a whole. An [[experimental study]] involves taking measurements of the system under study, manipulating the system, and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values (contracted; show full)[[Category:Data]]
[[Category:Evaluation methods]]
[[Category:Formal sciences]]
[[Category:Information]]
[[Category:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)]]
[[Category:Mathematical sciences]]
[[Category:Research methods]]
[[Category:Scientific method]]