Difference between revisions 19283518 and 19283568 on enwiktionary

This is a [[semasiological]] index of Proto-Indo-European nominal stems. See [[Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots]] for an alphabetical list of roots.

===Kinship===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
(contracted; show full)
|-
| {{recons|neḱ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[dead]] [[person]], [[death]]|| Sanskrit naśyati, Avestan nasyeiti, Ancient Greek nekros, Lithuanian našlys, Latin nex, Tocharian näk/näk, Irish éc/eug, Welsh angeu, Old Norse Naglfar
|-
| {{recons|pel-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[skin]]|| Ancient Greek pelos; pilon, Latin pellis, Russian {{term|пелена|tr=pelená|lang=ru}}, Gothic fill, German fël/Fell, English filmen/film, Lithuanian plėnė, Latvian plēne, Old Prussian pleynis, Old Norse feldr
|-
| {{
termxrecons|twakos|lang=ine-pro}} || [[skin]]|| Sanskrit tvacas, Hittite tuekkas, Ancient Greek sakos
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₃est-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[bone]]|| Albanian asht, Latin os; costa, Ancient Greek ostoun, Russian {{term|кость|tr=kost’|lang=ru}}; {{term|остов|tr=óstov|lang=ru}}, Sanskrit asthan, Avestan asti, Hittite ḫastāi, Welsh asgwrn, Kamviri âṭi, Persian /ostexān, Polish kość, Kurdish hestî, Tocharian /ásta, Old Armenian {{term|ոսկր|tr=oskr|lang=xcl}}, Luwian ḫāš  
|-
| {{termxrecons|gʷeyH-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[sinew]]|| Old Church Slavonic žitsa, Russian {{term|жила|tr=žíla|lang=ru}}, Old Armenian {{term|ջիլ|tr=ǰil|lang=xcl}}, {{term|ջիղ|tr=ǰił|lang=xcl}}, Lithuanian gija, Latvian dzija, Latin fīlum, Welsh giau, Old Church Slavonic žila, Polish żyła
|-
| {{termxrecons|gʷiyeh₂|lang=ine-pro}}  || [[sinew]] || Ancient Greek bios, Sanskrit jyā, Avestan jyā, Kamviri ja
|-
| {{termxrecons|memso|lang=ine-pro}} || [[flesh]]|| Sanskrit māṃsa, Old Prussian mensā, Gothic mimz, Russian {{term|мясо|tr=mjáso|lang=ru}}, Albanian mish, Old Armenian {{term|միս|tr=mis|lang=xcl}}, Tocharian /mīsa, Latin membrum, Ancient Greek mēnigks, Kashmiri maz, Lithuanian mėsa, Latvian miesa, Irish mír/mír
|-
| {{termxrecons|krew-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[blood]]|| Sanskrit kravis, Lithuanian kraujas, Latvian krevele, Russian {{term|кровь|tr=krov’|lang=ru}}, Latin cruor, Irish cró/creo, Ancient Greek kreas, Old Norse hrár, Avestan xrūva, Welsh crau, Polish krew, German hrāo/roh, Old Church Slavonic kruvi, Old Prussian crauyo, English hrēaw/raw
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₁ésh₂r̥|lang=ine-pro}} || [[blood]]|| Sanskrit asṛj, [[Old Latin]] aser, Latvian asinis, Hittite ešar, Lycian esêne-, Luwian ašhar-, Tocharian ysār/yasar, Ancient Greek eiar, Old Armenian {{term|արիւն|tr=ariwn|lang=xcl}}
|-
| {{termxrecons|mosgo|lang=ine-pro}} || [[brain]]|| Russian {{term|мозг|tr=mozg|lang=ru}}, Avestan mazga, Sanskrit majjan, Kashmiri massunt, Old Prussian musgeno, German marag//Mark, Persian /maġz, Polish mózg, Tocharian mäśśunt/, Lithuanian smagenės (modern: smegenys), Kurdish mejî, Latvian smadzenis, English mearg/marrow, Old Norse mergr, Pashto maazghë
|-
| {{termxrecons|gʷʰeleǵʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[gland]]|| Old Armenian {{term|գեղձ|tr=gełj|lang=xcl}}, Lithuanian geležuones, Russian {{term|железа|tr=železá|lang=ru}}, Polish zołza
|-
| {{termxrecons|engʷ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[gland]]|| Albanian angërr, Ancient Greek adēn, Latin inguen, Old Norse ökkvinn
|-
| {{termxrecons|rewsmen-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[throat]]|| Sanskrit rōmantha, Welsh rhumen, Latin rūmen, Lithuanian raumuo, Latvian raumins
|-
| {{termxrecons|plewmō|lang=ine-pro}} || [[lung]]|| Ancient Greek pleumōn, Sanskrit kloman, Lithuanian plaučiai, Latvian plaušas, Old East Slavic {{term|плюче|tr=pljuče|lang=orv}}, Old Prussian plauti, Latin pulmō, Serbo-Croatian pluća
|-
| {{termxrecons|ḱḗr|lang=ine-pro}} || [[heart]]|| Sanskrit hṛdaya, Avestan zərədā, Hittite karts, Lycian kride, Palaic kart-, Latin [[cor]], Ancient Greek [[καρδία]] (kardia) English heorte/[[heart]], Russian {{term|сердце|tr=sérdce|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian širdis, Latvian sirds, Old Prussian seyr, Old Armenian {{term|սիրտ|tr=sirt|lang=xcl}}, Welsh craidd, Kamviri zâra, Irish cride/[[croidhe]], Polish [[serce]], German herza/[[Herz]], Gothic hairto, Old Norse hjarta, Old Church Slavonic srĭdĭce, Ossetian zærdæ, Pashto zrrë, Ormuri zli
|-
| {{termxrecons|yeh₁kʷr̥-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[liver]]|| Sanskrit yaknas, Lithuanian jeknos, Latvian aknas, Avestan yākarə, Latin [[iecur]], Irish iuchair/iuchair, Ancient Greek [[ήπαρ]] (hēpar), Russian {{term|икра|tr=ikrá|lang=ru}}, Kamviri iâñi, Persian /jegar, Pashto dzigar
|-
| {{termxrecons|splenǵʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[spleen]]|| Ancient Greek [[σπλήν]] (''splēn''), Irish selg/sealg, Old Church Slavonic slĕzena, Latin [[lien|liēn]], Avestan sparazan, Sanskrit plīhan, Lithuanian blužnis, Old Prussian blusne, Kamviri pṛu, Old Armenian {{term|փայծաղն|tr=pʿaycałn|lang=xcl}}, Russian {{term|селезёнка|tr=selezjónka|lang=ru}}, Polish śledziona, Breton felc'h
|-
| {{termxrecons|lendʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[kidney]]|| German lenti/Lende, English lenden/--, Old Norse lend, Russian {{term|лядвея|tr=ljádveja|lang=ru}}, Latin [[lumbus]]
|-
| {{termxrecons|gʷelbʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[womb]]|| English wamb/womb, German wamba/Wamme, Gothic wamba, Old Norse vomb, Sanskrit garbhas, Ancient Greek delphus, Lithuanian gimda, 
|-
| {{termxrecons|gwrebʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[womb]]|| Ancient Greek brephos, Irish brommach/, Old Church Slavonic žrĕbę, Russian {{term|жеребёнок|tr=žerebjónok|lang=ru}}, Polish źrebię
|-
| {{termxrecons|ǵʰer-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[bowels]]|| Latin hernia, Sanskrit hira, Ancient Greek khordē, Old Norse gǫrn, German garn/Garn, English gearn/yarn, Old Armenian {{term|ձառ|tr=jaṙ|lang=xcl}}, Lithuanian žarna, Latvian zarna, Albanian zorrë, Hittite karat
|-
| {{termxrecons|eh₁ter-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[intestines]]|| Ancient Greek ētor/, Irish inathar/, Latin uterus, Old Norse ǽðr, English ǣdder/, German ādra/Ader
|-
| {{termxrecons|kakka|lang=ine-pro}} || [[excrement]]|| Russian {{term|какать|tr=kákat’|lang=ru}}, Ancient Greek kakkaō, Latin cacō, Old Armenian {{term|քակոր|tr=kʿakor|lang=xcl}}, Irish cacc/cac, German /Kacke, Welsh cach, Lithuanian kaka, Persian keke
|}

===Human feelings and qualities===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|ters-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[dry]]|| Sanskrit tṛṣyati, Avestan taršu, Old Armenian {{term|թառամիմ|tr=tʿaṙamim|lang=xcl}}, Ancient Greek tersomai/, Albanian ter, Latin terra;torrēre;torreō, English þurst/thirst, German durri/dürr, Gothic þaursus, Old Norse þurr, [[Baltic languages|Eastern Baltic]] trōkšti, Lithuanian trokšti, Irish tírim/tirim, Kashmiri treśiho.t
|-
| {{termxrecons|dakru-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[tear]]|| Ancient Greek dakru, Latin lacrĭma, German zahar/Zähre, English tēar/tear, Sanskrit aśru, Lithuanian ašara, Latvian asara, Welsh deigryn, Irish dér/déar, Tocharian ākär/akrūna, Gothic tagr, Old Norse tár, Old Armenian {{term|արտաւսր|tr=artawsr|lang=xcl}}, Avestan asrūazan
|-
| {{termxrecons|ḱeh₂d-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[hate]]|| English hete/hate, German haz/haß, Gothic hatis, Old Norse hatr, Sanskrit riśadas, Avestan sādra/, Ancient Greek kēdos, Oscan cadeis amnud, Irish caiss/cais, Welsh câs
|-
| {{termxrecons|ǵews-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[taste]]|| Latin dēgūnō, Gothic kiusan, German kiosan/kiesen, Sanskrit joṣati, Avestan zaošō, Albanian dashur, Polish gust, English ceosan/choose, Persian dauš/, Irish asagussim/--, Ancient Greek geusis
|-
| {{termxrecons|gʰers-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[horror]]|| Old Norse gersta, Lithuanian grasa, grėsti, Latvian grasāt, Old Armenian {{term|գարշիմ|tr=garšim|lang=xcl}}, Avestan grəəhma, German gerstī/, Latin fastus, Tocharian krās/krās
|-
| {{termxrecons|gʰowros|lang=ine-pro}} || [[fear]]|| Sanskrit ghora, Gothic gaurs, German gōrag/, Russian {{term|журить|tr=žurít’|lang=ru}}, English gyrn/, Old Norse gaurr
|-
| {{termxrecons|sweyd-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[sweat]]|| Old Armenian {{term|քիրտն|tr=kʿirtn|lang=xcl}}, Albanian djersë, English swǣtan/sweat, Lithuanian saldus, Latvian sviedri, Sanskrit svedate, Latin sūdor; sīdus, Ancient Greek hidros; sidēros, German sweiz/Schweiss, Welsh chwys, Old Norse sveiti, Avestan xvaēda, Pashto khwala
|-
| {{termxrecons|swep-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[sleep]]|| Lithuanian sapnas, Sanskrit svapnas, Latin somnus, Old Norse svefn, Tocharian ṣpäṃ/ṣpane, Ancient Greek hupnos, Avestan xvafna, Irish suán/suan, Russian {{term|сон|tr=son|lang=ru}}, Old Armenian {{term|քուն|tr=kʿun|lang=xcl}}, Albanian gjumë, Welsh hun, English swefan/sweven, Old Church Slavonic sunu, Persian /xāb, Pashto khob
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂egos-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[fault]], [[sin]]|| Sanskrit āgas, Ancient Greek agos, English acan/ache
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂en-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[spirit]]|| Sanskrit ānas, Gothic uzanan; andi, Irish anál/anál, Latin animus, Ancient Greek anemos, Russian {{term|вонь|tr=von’|lang=ru}}, Welsh anysbryd, Old Church Slavonic vonja, Old Norse anda; ǫnd, English eðian/--; ōþian/--, Welsh eneid, Avestan åntya, Lithuanian anuoti, Old Armenian {{term|հով|tr=hov|lang=xcl}}, Albanian ajë/âj, Oscan anamum, Tocharian āñcäm/āñme
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂eym-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[copy]]|| Hittite ḫimma, Latin aemulus; imāgō
|-
| {{termx|h₂eyw-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[vital]] [[force]]|| Sanskrit āyu, Avestan āyū, Tocharian āym/, Latin aevum, Dutch eeuw, English æfre/ever, German īo/je; êwig/ewig, Gothic aiws, Old Norse ei, Ancient Greek aiōn, Albanian eshë
|-
(contracted; show full)
|-
| {{termx|bel-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[power]], [[strength]]|| Sanskrit bāla, Ancient Greek beltiōn, Latin dēbĭlis, Irish adbal/dibeal, Welsh balch, Russian {{term|большой|tr=bol’šój|lang=ru}}, Kamviri bâlim, Phrygian balaios, Old Church Slavonic boljĭjĭ, [[Low Saxon]] pal
|}

[[Category:Proto-Indo-European appendices|nouns]]
[[Category:Terms derived from Proto-Indo-European|*]]
[[Category:Proto-Indo-European nouns|*]]