Difference between revisions 19283568 and 19283579 on enwiktionary

This is a [[semasiological]] index of Proto-Indo-European nominal stems. See [[Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots]] for an alphabetical list of roots.

===Kinship===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
(contracted; show full)
|-
| {{recons|h₂en-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[spirit]]|| Sanskrit ānas, Gothic uzanan; andi, Irish anál/anál, Latin animus, Ancient Greek anemos, Russian {{term|вонь|tr=von’|lang=ru}}, Welsh anysbryd, Old Church Slavonic vonja, Old Norse anda; ǫnd, English eðian/--; ōþian/--, Welsh eneid, Avestan åntya, Lithuanian anuoti, Old Armenian {{term|հով|tr=hov|lang=xcl}}, Albanian ajë/âj, Oscan anamum, Tocharian āñcäm/āñme
|-
| {{recons|h₂eym-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[copy]]|| Hittite ḫimma, Latin aemulus; imāgō
|-
| {{
termxrecons|h₂eyw-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[vital]] [[force]]|| Sanskrit āyu, Avestan āyū, Tocharian āym/, Latin aevum, Dutch eeuw, English æfre/ever, German īo/je; êwig/ewig, Gothic aiws, Old Norse ei, Ancient Greek aiōn, Albanian eshë
|-
| {{termxrecons|men-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[mind]]|| Latin mēns, Ancient Greek menos, Sanskrit manas, Avestan manah, English gemynd/mind, Gothic muns, Old Norse minni; man, German minna/Minne, Lithuanian mintis, Latvian minēt, Old Prussian mēntimai Old Church Slavonic mineti, Russian {{term|мнить|tr=mnit’|lang=ru}}, Old Armenian {{term|միտ|tr=mit|lang=xcl}}, Albanian mund, Persian mainyāhay/, Tocharian mnu/mañu, Irish dermet/dearmad, Welsh cof
|}

===Celestial terms===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|telp-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[space]]|| Sanskrit talpa, Lithuanian tilpti; telpu, Latvian tilpt; telpu, Russian {{term|толпа|tr=tolpá|lang=ru}}, Tocharian tsälp/tälp, Irish -tella/
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂stḗr|lang=ine-pro}} || [[star]]|| Ancient Greek astēr, German sterro/Stern, English steorra/star, Old Norse stjarna, Gothic stairno, Latin stella, Kurdish stêr, Old Armenian {{term|աստղ|tr=astł|lang=xcl}}, Sanskrit tāras;stṛbhis, Welsh seren, Tocharian śre/śćirye, Kamviri ṛâšto, Persian /setāre, Ossetian sthaly/, Hittite ḫašterz(a), Pashto storai
|-
| {{termxrecons|sóh₂wl̥|lang=ine-pro}} || [[sun]]|| Lithuanian saulė, Latvian saule, Latin sōl, Welsh haul, Ancient Greek hēlios, Albanian (h)yll, English sigel/--; sunne/sun, Russian {{term|солнце|tr=sólnce|lang=ru}}, Sanskrit sūras, Avestan hvarə, German sunna/Sonne, Old Norse sól; sunna, Gothic sauil; sunno, Welsh haul, Irish súil/súil, Tocharian swāñce/swāñco, Kamviri su, Polish słońce, Old Church Slavonic slunice, Old Prussian saule, Persian -farnah-/
|-
| {{termxrecons|mḗh₁n̥s|lang=ine-pro}} || [[moon]]/[[month]]|| Ancient Greek mēn, Tocharian mañ/meñe, Latin mēnsis, English mōna/moon, Old Church Slavonic meseci, Russian {{term|месяц|tr=mésjac|lang=ru}}, Sanskrit māsa, Old Armenian {{term|ամիս|tr=amis|lang=xcl}}, Avestan maoṅh, Irish mí/mí, Old Norse mani, German mano/Mond, Gothic mena, Albanian muaj, Lithuanian mėnuo, Latvian meness, Welsh mis, Kamviri mos, Persian /māh, Ossetian mæj, Old Prussian menig, Pashto myaasht, Ormuri mail
|-
| {{termxrecons|nébʰos|lang=ine-pro}} || [[sky]]/[[cloud]]|| Russian {{term|небо|tr=nébo|lang=ru}}, Latin nebŭlō, Sanskrit nabhas, Ancient Greek nephos, Hittite nepiš, Lycian tabahaza, Luwian tappaš-, German nebul/Nebel, English nifol/--, Welsh nef, Kamviri niru, Polish niebo, Old Church Slavonic nebo, Lithuanian debesis, Latvian debess, Avestan nabah, Irish nem/neamh, Old Norse niflhel
|-
| {{termxrecons|lewk-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[light]]/[[bright]]|| Russian {{term|луг|tr=lug|lang=ru}}, Sanskrit rocate, Ancient Greek leukos, English lēoht/light, Latin lūx, German lioht/licht, Kamviri luka, Gothic liuhaþ, Old Norse leygr, Tocharian luk, Oscan Lúvkis, Umbrian Vuvçis, Welsh llug, Irish loscaim/loiscim, Lithuanian lauka, Latvian lauks, Hittite lalukkes, Lycian luga, Luwian luha-, Old Armenian {{term|լոյս|tr=loys|lang=xcl}}, Kamviri ṛuč, Old Church Slavonic luci, Gaulish leux, Avestan raočant
|}

===Times of day===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|deyn-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[day]]|| Old Armenian {{term|տիւ|tr=tiw|lang=xcl}}, Russian {{term|день|tr=den’|lang=ru}}, Irish denus/, Lithuanian diena, Latvian diena, Sanskrit dinam, Latin diēs, Albanian gdhin, Welsh dydd, Polish dzień, Irish día/dia, Gothic sintīns, Old Prussian deinan, English lencten/lent, German lenzo/Lenz
|-
| {{termxrecons|dʰǵʰ(y)es-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[yesterday]]|| English geostran/yesterday, Albanian dje, Sanskrit hyas, Avestan zyō, Kurdish duh, Persian diyaka/dīg/diruz/dine, Ancient Greek khthes, Latin herī, Welsh ddoe, Irish indhé/an(d)é, Gothic gistradagis, Old Norse í gǽr, German gesteron/gestern
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂eǵʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[day]]|| Sanskrit ahar, Avestan azan, English dæg/day, German tag/Tag, Gothic dags, Old Norse dagr, Albania ditë
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂ews-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[dawn]]|| Lithuanian aušra, Latvian ausma, German ōstra/Osten, Sanskrit uṣās, Russian {{term|утро|tr=útro|lang=ru}}, English ēast/east, Ancient Greek hēos, Latin aurōra, Old Norse austr, Avestan ušastara, Irish fáir/, Welsh gwawr
|-
| {{termxrecons|nókʷts|lang=ine-pro}} || [[night]]|| Ancient Greek nuks, Lithuanian naktis, Latvian nakts, German naht/Nacht, Sanskrit nakti, Hittite nekuz, Latin nox, Russian {{term|ночь|tr=noč’|lang=ru}}, Albanian natë, Irish innocht/anochd, Tocharian nakcu/nekcīye, Welsh nos, English niht/night, Polish noc, Old Prussian naktin, Gothic nahts, Old Norse nótt, Old Church Slavonic nosti
|-
| {{termxrecons|wespero-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[evening]]|| Old Armenian {{term|գիշեր|tr=gišer|lang=xcl}}, Latin vespera, Ancient Greek hesperos, Lithuanian vakaras, Latvian vakars, Irish fescor/feascar, Russian {{term|вечер|tr=véčer|lang=ru}}, Gothic veig, Welsh ucher, Polish wieczór
|}

===Seasons===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|yeHr-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[year]]|| Gothic jēr, English gēar/year, Avestan yārə, Old Church Slavonic jara, Ancient Greek ōra, Latin hōrnus, German jar/Jahr, Old Norse ár, Persian dušiyaram/, Lithuanian jorė, Russian {{term|яровой|tr=jarovój|lang=ru}}, Polish jar
|-
| {{termxrecons|wet-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[year]]|| Latin vetus, Ancient Greek etos, Sanskrit vatsa, English weðer/wether, German widar/Widder, Gothic wiþrus, Old Norse veðr, Hittite witt, Albanian vjet, Irish fethim/feithim, [[Cornish]] guis, Lithuanian vetuša, Old Church Slavonic vetŭxŭ, Russian {{term|ветхий|tr=vétxij|lang=ru}}, Polish wiotchy, Oscan Vezkeí
|-
| {{termxrecons|wesr̥|lang=ine-pro}} || [[spring]]|| Russian {{term|весна|tr=vesná|lang=ru}}, Sanskrit vasanta, Lithuanian vasara, Latvian vasara, Old Norse vár, Latin vēr, Avestan vaṅri, Old Armenian {{term|գարուն|tr=garun|lang=xcl}}, Kamviri vâsut, Persian /bahār, Polish wiosna, Ancient Greek ear, Old Church Slavonic vesna, Irish errach/, Welsh gwanwyn
|-
| {{termxrecons|sem-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[summer]]|| Sanskrit samā, English sumor/summer, Avestan ham, Old Armenian {{term|ամառն|tr=amaṙn|lang=xcl}}, German sumar/Sommer, Old Norse sumar, Welsh haf, Irish samrad/samhradh, Tocharian ṣme/ṣmāye
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₃esen-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[harvest]]|| Russian {{term|осень|tr=ósen’|lang=ru}}, Old Prussian assanis, English earnian/earn, Gothic asans, German aran/Ernte, Old Norse ǫnn, Ancient Greek opōra, Polish jesień, Latin annōna
|-
| {{termxrecons|ǵʰey-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[winter]]|| Sanskrit hemanta, Latin hiems, Ancient Greek kheima, Gaulish Giamillus, Old Church Slavonic zima, Russian {{term|зима|tr=zimá|lang=ru}}, Polish zima, Lithuanian žiema, Latvian ziemas, Old Prussian semo, Avestan zimo, Old Armenian {{term|ձմեռն|tr=jmeṙn|lang=xcl}}, Albanian dimër/dimën, Kamviri zẽ, Persian /zemestān, Tocharian śärme/śimpriye, Welsh gaeaf, Irish gaimred/geimhreadh, Hittite gima, Old Norse gói, Persian /dai, Pashto zhëmai
|}

===Atmosphere===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|ḱewero-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[northwind]]|| Russian {{term|север|tr=séver|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian šiaurys, Latin caurus, Old Armenian {{term|ցուրտ|tr=cʿurt|lang=xcl}}, English scūr/shower, German scūr/Schauer, Gothic skura, Old Norse skúr, Old Church Slavonic severu
|-
| {{termxrecons|sneygʷʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[snow]]|| Lithuanian sniegas, Latvian sniegs, Old Prussian snaygis, Russian {{term|снег|tr=sneg|lang=ru}}, Irish snechta/sneachta, Sanskrit snēha, English snāw/snow, Latin nix, Ancient Greek nipha, German sneo/Schnee, Old Norse snjór, Gothic snaiws, Polish śnieg, Welsh nyf, Old Church Slavonic snegu, Avestan snaēža, Tocharian /śiñcatstse
|-
| {{termxrecons|grad-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[hail]]|| Russian {{term|град|tr=grad|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian gruodas, Latin grandō, Old Armenian {{term|կարկուտ|tr=karkut|lang=xcl}}, Polish grad, Old Church Slavonic gradŭ
|-
| {{termxrecons|yeg-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[ice]]|| English gicel/icicle, Old Norse jaki, German ichil/gicht, Irish aig/oighear, Welsh ia, Lithuanian ižas, Latvian ieze, Russian {{term|икра|tr=ikrá|lang=ru}}, Persian yakh
|-
| {{termxrecons|snewdʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[mist]]|| Avestan snaoða, Welsh nudd, Ancient Greek nuthon, Latin nūbēs, Welsh nudd
|-
| {{termxrecons|meldʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[lightning]]|| Old Prussian mealde, Lithuanian milna, Russian {{term|молния|tr=mólnija|lang=ru}}
|-
| {{termxrecons|tónr̥|lang=ine-pro}} || [[thunder]]|| Gaulish Taranis, Irish torand/toran, Welsh tarann, English þunor/thunder, Old Norse þórr, German Donar/Donner, Hittite Tarx.u, Lycian Trqqñt, Luwian Tarhunt-, Pashto taṇā/tandar, [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]] taro.n, Latin tonāre, Sanskrit tányati, Persian /tundar
|}

===Wholeness===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂eyti-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[part]]|| Avestan aēta, Oscan aeteis, Ancient Greek aitios, Irish áes/aois, Welsh oes, Russian {{term|часть|tr=čast’}}
|-
| {{termxrecons|semi-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[half]]|| Latin sēmis, German sami/--, English sām-/sand-blind, Gothic sami-, Sanskrit sami, Ancient Greek hēmisus, Kamviri sâmaũ
|-
| {{termxrecons|solo-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[whole]]|| Latin salvus, Tocharian salu/solme, Ancient Greek holos, Old Armenian {{term|ողջ|tr=ołǰ|lang=xcl}}, Irish slán/slán, Albanian gjallë, Sanskrit sarva, Avestan haurva, Kamviri sũdi, Polish sowity, Welsh holl, Oscan salavs, Umbrian saluvom, Old East Slavic {{term|сулѣи|tr=sulěi|lang=orv}}, Persian haluva/, Old Church Slavonic sulĕi
|}

===Terrain===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|dʰéǵʰōm|lang=ine-pro}} || [[earth]]|| Phrygian zemelo, Thracian semele, Persian zam, Sanskrit kṣa, Ancient Greek khthōn, Latin humus, Gothic guma, Old Norse gumi, English guma/bridegroom, German gomo/Bräutigam, Albanian dhè, Old Church Slavonic zemlja, Russian {{term|земля|tr=zemljá|lang=ru}}, Irish du/duine, Hittite tekan, Luwian dakam-, Tocharian tkam/keṃ, Kashmiri za.min, Lithuanian žemė, Latvian zeme, Old Prussian same, Welsh dyn, Oscan huntruis, Umbrian hondomu, Persian zamin, Thracian semela, Phrygian zamelon, Ossetian zæxx/, Polish ziemia, Pashto dzmëka
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂éḱmō|lang=ine-pro}} || [[stone]]|| Ancient Greek akmōn, Lithuanian akmuo, Latvian akmens, Sanskrit aśman, Avestan asman, Russian {{term|камень|tr=kámen’|lang=ru}}, English hamer/hammer, Polish kamień, Old Norse hamarr, Hittite aku, Persian asman/, Gaulish acaunum, German hamar/Hammer
|-
(contracted; show full)
|-
| {{termx|bel-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[power]], [[strength]]|| Sanskrit bāla, Ancient Greek beltiōn, Latin dēbĭlis, Irish adbal/dibeal, Welsh balch, Russian {{term|большой|tr=bol’šój|lang=ru}}, Kamviri bâlim, Phrygian balaios, Old Church Slavonic boljĭjĭ, [[Low Saxon]] pal
|}

[[Category:Proto-Indo-European appendices|nouns]]
[[Category:Terms derived from Proto-Indo-European|*]]
[[Category:Proto-Indo-European nouns|*]]