Difference between revisions 19283579 and 19283583 on enwiktionary

This is a [[semasiological]] index of Proto-Indo-European nominal stems. See [[Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots]] for an alphabetical list of roots.

===Kinship===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
(contracted; show full)
|-
| {{recons|h₂éḱmō|lang=ine-pro}} || [[stone]]|| Ancient Greek akmōn, Lithuanian akmuo, Latvian akmens, Sanskrit aśman, Avestan asman, Russian {{term|камень|tr=kámen’|lang=ru}}, English hamer/hammer, Polish kamień, Old Norse hamarr, Hittite aku, Persian asman/, Gaulish acaunum, German hamar/Hammer
|-
| {{
termxrecons|ǵembʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[ledge]]->[[tooth]]|| Ancient Greek gomphos, Sanskrit jambha, Lithuanian žambas, Latvian zobs, Albanian dhëmb/dhamb, Ancient Macedonian kombous, English comb/comb, Tocharian kam/keme, Russian {{term|зуб|tr=zub|lang=ru}}, Latin gemma, Old Armenian {{term|ծամեմ|tr=camem|lang=xcl}}, Kamviri zâmoa, Polish gęba/ząb, Old Norse kambr, German kamb/Kamm
|-
| {{termxrecons|gʷer-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[mount]]|| Russian {{term|гора|tr=gora|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian guras, Sanskrit giris, Avestan gairi, Ancient Greek deiros, Albanian gur, Old Armenian {{term|լեառն|tr=leaṙn|lang=xcl}}, Polish góra, Old Church Slavonic gora, Pashto ghar
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂egras|lang=ine-pro}} || [[field]]|| Sanskrit ajra, Ancient Greek agros, Latin ager, Umbrian ager, Gothic akrs, English æcer/acre, Old Armenian {{term|արտ|tr=art|lang=xcl}}, German achar/Acker, Old Norse akr
|-
| {{termxrecons|lendʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[steppe]]|| Old Prussian lindan, English land/land, Old Norse land, Irish land/lann, Welsh llan, Old Church Slavonic ledina, Russian {{term|ляда|tr=ljáda|lang=ru}}, German /Land, Gaulish landa
|-
| {{termxrecons|lat-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[swamp]]|| Ancient Greek lataks, Lithuanian Latupė, Latvian Late, Gaulish Arelate, Irish lathach/lathach, German letto/letten, Welsh llaid
|-
| {{termxrecons|móri|lang=ine-pro}} || [[sea]]|| Russian {{term|море|tr=móre|lang=ru}}, Gaulish Aremorici, Lithuanian marios, Latvian mare, Latin mare, Sanskrit maryādā, English mere/mere, German mari/Meer, Old Prussian mary, Welsh môr, Irish muir/muir, Gothic marei, Albanian përmjerr
|-
| {{termxrecons|laku-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[pond]]|| Ancient Greek lakkos, Latin lacus, German lagu/, Irish loch/loch, Old Armenian {{term|լիճ|tr=lič|lang=xcl}}, English lagu/--, Lithuanian lekmenė, Old Norse lǫgr, [[Serbian language|Serbian]] lokva 
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂eǵʰero-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[lake]]|| Lithuanian ežeras, Latvian ezers, Old Church Slavonic jezero, Russian {{term|озеро|tr=ózero|lang=ru}}, Illyr. oseriates, Ancient Greek Akherōn, Polish jezioro, Old Prussian assaran
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂ekʷeh₂-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[river]]|| Latin aqua, Russian {{term|Ока|tr=Oká|lang=ru}}, Gothic aha, German aha/Ache, English īg/island, Sanskrit ap, Hittite akwanzi, Luwian ahw-, Palaic aku-, Old Norse á, Gothic aƕa
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂ep-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[river]]|| Hittite ḫap(a), Palaic ḫapnas, Luwian ḫapinni,  Latvian upe, Lithuanian upė, Old Prussian ape, English ōfer, German /Ufer, Sanskrit āp, Avestan afš, Latin amnis, Tocharian āp/āp
|-
| {{termxrecons|wódr̥|lang=ine-pro}} || [[water]]|| English wæter/water, Russian {{term|вода|tr=vodá|lang=ru}}, Ancient Macedonian bedu, Ancient Greek hudōr, Lithuanian vanduo, Latvian ūdens, Latin unda, Sanskrit udan, Albanian ujë, Irish uisce/uisge, Hittite watar, Old Armenian {{term|գետ|tr=get|lang=xcl}}, Tocharian wär/war, Umbrian utur, Gothic watō, Welsh gwer, Old Norse vatn, Kashmiri odūr, Thracian udrēnas, German wazzar/Wasser, Phrygian bedu, Polish woda, Old Church Slavonic voda, Old Prussian wundan, Ormuri wëkʰ
|-
| {{termxrecons|poymno-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[foam]]|| Latin pūmex, Lithuanian puta, Sanskrit phena, Old Church Slavonic pĕna, Russian {{term|пена|tr=péna|lang=ru}}, English fām/foam, German feim/Feim, Ossetian fink, Old Prussian spoayno, Banuci spanch
|}

===Fire===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|dʰuh₂mós|lang=ine-pro}} || [[smoke]]|| Sanskrit dhūma, Old Prussian dumis, Russian {{term|дым|tr=dym|lang=ru}}, German toup/toben, Latin fūmus, Ancient Greek thumos, Tocharian twe/tweye, Lithuanian dūmai, Latvian dūmi, English dōmian/dusk, Gothic dauns, Old Norse daunn, Kurdish dûv, Irish dé/deathach, Welsh dywy, Oscan Mefit, Polish dym, Persian /dud, Old Church Slavonic dymŭ, Pashto lugai
|-
| {{termxrecons|eh₂ter-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[fire]]|| Old Armenian {{term|այրեմ|tr=ayrem|lang=xcl}}, Kurdish agir/ahi, Irish áith/áith, Welsh odyn, Sanskrit atharvan, Avestan ātarš, Persian Āçiyādiya/ādar, Latin āter, Umbrian atru, Oscan Aadíriis, Serbo-Croatian vatra, Pashto or
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₁ngʷni-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[fire]]|| Sanskrit agni, Hittite agniš, Latin ignis, Lithuanian ugnis, Latvian uguns, Old Church Slavonic ognĭ, Polish ogień, Russian {{term|огонь|tr=ogón’|lang=ru}}, Albanian enjte
|-
| {{termxrecons|péh₂ur|lang=ine-pro}} || [[bonfire]]|| Hittite paḫḫur, Tocharian por/pūwar, Ancient Greek pur, Umbrian pir, Old Norse fúrr, English fȳr/fire, Polish perz, Old Armenian {{term|հուր|tr=hur|lang=xcl}}, German fiur/Feuer, Old Prussian panno, Oscan purasiai, Gothic fōn, [[Czech]] pýř
|-
| {{termxrecons|peh₂rs-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[dust]]|| Old Church Slavonic praxŭ, Tocharian pärs/pärs, Avestan paršuya, Lithuanian purkšti, Latvian pārsla, Old Norse fors, Hittite pappars, Sanskrit pṛsati, Russian {{term|прах|tr=prax|lang=ru}}
|}

===Parts of trees===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|dóru|lang=ine-pro}} || [[tree]], [[wood]]|| Old Armenian {{term|ծառ|tr=caṙ|lang=xcl}}, Lithuanian derva, Latvian dreve, Gaulish Dervus, Russian {{term|дерево|tr=dérevo|lang=ru}}, English trēow/tree, Hittite taru, Luwian tarweja-, Ancient Greek drus, Latin durus, Albanian dru/drû, Irish derucc/, Tocharian or, Kamviri dâa, Persian /deraxt, Polish drzewo, Welsh derwen, Sanskrit dāru, Avestan dāuru, Gothic triu, Old Norse tré, Old Prussian drawine, Ancient Macedonian darullos, Pashto largai
|-
| {{termxrecons|dʰergʰen-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[thorn]]|| Sanskrit drākṣa, German tirnpauma/dirnbaum, Welsh draen, Irish draigen/droigheann, Lithuanian drignės, Latvian drigenes, Russian {{term|дёрен|tr=djóren|lang=ru}}, Pashto azghai/ghëna, Ormuri zier
|-
| {{termxrecons|ǵʰasto-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[stick]]|| Latin hasta, Umbrian hostatu, Irish gass/gas, Lithuanian lazda
|-
| {{termxrecons|ǵʰasdʰo-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[stick]]|| Russian {{term|жердь|tr=žerd’|lang=ru}}, Irish gat, Gothic gazds, Old Norse gaddr, English gād/goad, German gart/Gart
|-
| {{termxrecons|gʷetw-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[resin]]|| German kuti/Kitt, English cudu/cud, Old Norse kváða, Sanskrit jatu, Welsh bedwen, Latin bitūmen, [[Scottish Gaelic]] beithe
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₃esdos|lang=ine-pro}} || [[branch]]|| Old Armenian {{term|ոստ|tr=ost|lang=xcl}}, Ancient Greek ozos, English ōst, German ast/Ast, Gothic asts
|-
| {{termxrecons|ḱak-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[branch]]|| Old Armenian {{term|ճիւղ|tr=čiwł|lang=xcl}}, Lithuanian šaka, Latvian saka, Sanskrit śākhā, Russian {{term|соха|tr=sóxa|lang=ru}}, Albanian thekë, Gothic hōha, Kamviri coa, Old Prussian sagnis, Irish gēc/gēag, German huohili/ , Persian /šāxe(h)
|-
| {{termxrecons|kel-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[glue]]|| Ancient Greek kolla, Lithuanian klijai, Russian {{term|клей|tr=klej|lang=ru}}, Polish klej
|-
| {{termxrecons|wréh₂ds|lang=ine-pro}} || [[root]]|| Russian {{term|вред|tr=vred|lang=ru}}, English wyrt/wort, German wirz/Wurz, Latin rādīx, Ancient Greek rhiza, Albanian rrënjë/rrânzë, Welsh gwraidd, Irish frém/fréamh, Gothic vaurts, Old Norse urt, Kurdish rîş/reh, Tocharian /witsako, Persian /riše(h), Pashto wulëi
|}

===Flora===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂ebl-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[apple]]|| Lithuanian {{term|obuolys|obuolỹs|lang=lt}}, Latvian {{term|ābols|lang=lv}}, Old Prussian woble, English {{term|æppel|lang=ang}}/apple, German {{term|apful|lang=goh}}/{{term|Apfel|lang=de}}, Old Norse {{term|epli|lang=noh}}, Russian {{term|яблоко|tr=jábloko|lang=ru}} Polish {{term|jabłko|lang=pl}}, Old Irish {{term|uball|lang=sga}}/ubhall, Welsh {{term|afal|lang=cy}}, Gaulish avallo, Old Church Slavonic {{term|аблъко|lang=cu|tr=ablŭko}}
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂eyǵ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[oak]]|| Lithuanian ąžuolas, Latin aesculus, Ancient Greek krataigos/, Old Norse eik, English āc/oak, German eihha/Eiche, Latvian o(uo)zo(uo)ls
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂epsa|lang=ine-pro}} || [[aspen]]|| English æspe/aspen, German aspa/Espe, Old Norse ǫsp, Lithuanian epušė, Latvian apses, Old Prussian abse, Ancient Greek aspris/
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂er-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[nut]]|| Russian {{term|орех|tr=oréx|lang=ru}}, Albanian arrë, Ancient Greek arna, Polish orzech
|-
| {{termxrecons|bʰeh₂go-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[beech]]|| German buohha/Buche, Latin fāgus, Ancient Greek phugos, English bēce/beech, Old Norse bók, Gaulish Bāgācon, Russian {{term|бузина|tr=buziná|lang=ru}}
|-
| {{termxrecons|bʰereǵ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[birch]]|| Russian {{term|берёза|tr=berëza|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian beržas, Latvian bērzs, Ossetian bärz, Sanskrit bhūrjas, German birihha/Birke, Old Norse bjǫrk, Latin frāxinus, Old Prussian berse, English birce/birch, Thracian berzas, Old Church Slavonic breza, Old Armenian {{term|բարտի|tr=barti|lang=xcl}}
|-
| {{termx|ǵʰeluna|lang=ine-pro}} || [[pine]]|| Ancient Greek kheilos, Old Armenian {{term|ձեղուն|tr=jełun|lang=xcl}}, Old Norse giolnar
|-
(contracted; show full)
|-
| {{termx|bel-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[power]], [[strength]]|| Sanskrit bāla, Ancient Greek beltiōn, Latin dēbĭlis, Irish adbal/dibeal, Welsh balch, Russian {{term|большой|tr=bol’šój|lang=ru}}, Kamviri bâlim, Phrygian balaios, Old Church Slavonic boljĭjĭ, [[Low Saxon]] pal
|}

[[Category:Proto-Indo-European appendices|nouns]]
[[Category:Terms derived from Proto-Indo-European|*]]
[[Category:Proto-Indo-European nouns|*]]