Difference between revisions 19283583 and 19283591 on enwiktionary

This is a [[semasiological]] index of Proto-Indo-European nominal stems. See [[Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots]] for an alphabetical list of roots.

===Kinship===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
(contracted; show full)
|-
| {{recons|bʰereǵ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[birch]]|| Russian {{term|берёза|tr=berëza|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian beržas, Latvian bērzs, Ossetian bärz, Sanskrit bhūrjas, German birihha/Birke, Old Norse bjǫrk, Latin frāxinus, Old Prussian berse, English birce/birch, Thracian berzas, Old Church Slavonic breza, Old Armenian {{term|բարտի|tr=barti|lang=xcl}}
|-
| {{
termxrecons|ǵʰeluna|lang=ine-pro}} || [[pine]]|| Ancient Greek kheilos, Old Armenian {{term|ձեղուն|tr=jełun|lang=xcl}}, Old Norse giolnar
|-
| {{termxrecons|grabʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[hornbeam]]/[[oak]]|| Russian {{term|граб|tr=grab|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian skroblas, Latvian skābardis, Umbrian Graboui, Ancient Macedonian grabion,Albanian krrabe grabuje
|-
| {{termxrecons|ḱalam-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[reed]]|| Ancient Greek kalamos, Tocharian kulmãṃts/, Latin culmus, English healm/haulm, Latvian salms, Old Prussian salme, Russian {{term|солома|tr=solóma|lang=ru}}, Old Norse halmr, German halm/Halm, Albanian kallam
|-
| {{termxrecons|ḱermus-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[cherry]]|| Ancient Greek kerasos/keradion, Lithuanian šermukšlė (modern: šermukšnis), Latvian cērmaukša, Russian {{term|черемуха|tr=čerëmuxa|lang=ru}}, Albanian qershi
|-
| {{termxrecons|klen-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[maple]]|| Russian {{term|клён|tr=klën|lang=ru}}, Old Norse hlynr, Lithuanian klevas, Latvian kļava, Ancient Macedonian klinotrokhon, English hlin/linn, Welsh kelyn
|-
| {{termxrecons|koyno-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[grass]]|| Ancient Greek koina, Old Armenian {{term|խոտ|tr=xot|lang=xcl}}, Lithuanian šienas, Latvian siens, Russian {{term|сено|tr=séno|lang=ru}}
|-
| {{termxrecons|koslo-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[hazel]]|| Lithuanian kasulas, English hæsel/hazel, Old Norse hasl, German hasal/Hasel, Latin corulus, Irish coll/coll, Welsh collen
|-
| {{termxrecons|krem-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[onion]]|| Ancient Greek kremuon, Irish crem/creamh, English hramsan/ramson, Lithuanian kermušė, Latvian cermauksis, Russian {{term|черемша|tr=čeremšá|lang=ru}}, Welsh craf,Albanian koromidhe
|-
| {{termxrecons|mor-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[blackberry]]|| Ancient Greek moron, Old Armenian {{term|մոր|tr=mor|lang=xcl}}, Latin mōrum, Hittite muri, Irish smér/smeur, Welsh mwyaren
|-
| {{termxrecons|eh₃g-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[berry]]|| Tocharian oko/oko, Lithuanian uoga, Latvian oga, Old Church Slavonic agoda, Russian {{term|ягода|tr=jágoda|lang=ru}}, Gothic akran, Old Norse akarn, German ēker/Ecker, English æcern/acorn, Irish áirne/, Welsh aeron    
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₃el-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[alder]]|| Latin alnus, Lithuanian alksnis, Latvian elksnis, Bulgarian {{term|елша|tr=élša|lang=bg}}, Russian {{term|ольха|tr=ol’xá|lang=ru}}, Ancient Macedonian aliza, Old Norse alr, German elira/Erle, English alor/alder, Old Prussian aliskande, Gaulish alisa, Hittite alanzan, Polish olcha
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₃es-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[ash]]|| Lithuanian uosis, Latvian osis, Russian {{term|осина|tr=osína|lang=ru}}, German asc/Esche, English æsc/ash, Latin ornus, Old Prussian woasis, Old Norse askr, Welsh onnen, Albanian ah, Old Armenian {{term|հացի|tr=hacʿi|lang=xcl}}, Ancient Greek akherōis/
|-
| {{termxrecons|perkʷu-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[oak]]|| Lithuanian perkūnas ("thunder"), Latvian pērkons, Sanskrit parkatī, Latin quercus, Old Norse fura, English furh/fir, German foraha/Föhre, Welsh perth, Gothic faírguni
|-
| {{termxrecons|rap-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[turnip]]|| Russian {{term|репа|tr=répa|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian ropė, German raba/Rübe, Latin rapum, Ancient Greek rhapus, Old Church Slavonic repa
|-
| {{termxrecons|winǵʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[elm]]|| Albanian vidh, Russian {{term|вяз|tr=vjaz|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian vinkšna, Latvian vilksna, English wice/Wych Elm, [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] viz, Polish wiąz
|}

===Insects===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|morwi-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[ant]]|| Old Church Slavonic mravie, Irish moirb/, Avestan maoiri, Sanskrit vamra, Latin formīca, Ancient Greek murmēs, Old Norse maurr, [[Crimean Gothic language|Crimean Gothic]] miera, Dutch /mier, Old Armenian {{term|մրջիւն|tr=mrǰiwn|lang=xcl}}, Kurdish mûrî/morî, Polish mrówka, Albanian morr, Persian /murče; mur, Russian {{term|муравей|tr=muravéj|lang=ru}}, Tocharian /warme
|-
| {{termxrecons|bʰey-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[bee]]|| English bēo/bee, Lithuanian bitė, Latvian bite, Irish bech/bech, Russian {{term|пчела|tr=pčelá|lang=ru}}, Latin fūcus, German bīa/Biene, Polish pszczoła, Albanian bletë, Old Prussian bitte, Welsh begegyr, Gaulish bekos, Old Norse bý, Old Church Slavonic bŭčela
|-
| {{termxrecons|wobs-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[wasp]]|| Lithuanian vapsva, Latin vespa, English wæps/wasp, Russian {{term|оса|tr=osá|lang=ru}}, Avestan vawžaka, German wafsa/Wespe, Kamviri ušpik, Old Church Slavonic vosa, Irish foich/, Old Prussian wobse, Polish osa,Albanian anza
|-
| {{termxrecons|mu-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[fly]]|| Lithuanian musė, Latvian muša, Latin musca, Russian {{term|муха|tr=múxa|lang=ru}}, German mucka/Mücke, English mycg/midge, Albanian mizë, Ancient Greek muia, Old Armenian {{term|մուն|tr=mun|lang=xcl}}, Kurdish mêş, Kashmiri ma.čh, Polish mucha, Old Norse mý, Persian /magas, Old Prussian muso, Pashto mëch
|-
| {{termxrecons|p/blow-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[flea]]|| Lithuanian blusa, Latvian blusa, Russian {{term|блоха|tr=bloxá|lang=ru}}, Polish pchła, Old Armenian {{term|լու|tr=lu|lang=xcl}}, Sanskrit pluṣi, Ancient Greek psulla, Albanian plesht, Latin pūlex, Old Norse flo, English flēah/flea, German flōh/Floh, Pashto vraža/vraga
|-
| {{termxrecons|knid-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[louse]]|| Russian {{term|гнида|tr=gnída|lang=ru}}, Latvian gnida, Welsh nedd, German hniz/Nisse, Ancient Greek konis, Albanian thërijë/thëni, Old Armenian {{term|անիծ|tr=anic|lang=xcl}}, Irish /sned, English hnitu/nit
|-
| {{termxrecons|luH-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[louse]]|| Lithuanian liulė, Welsh llau, English lūs/louse, German lūs/Laus, Old Norse lús
|-
| {{termxrecons|kʷr̥mis|lang=ine-pro}} || [[grub]]|| Sanskrit kṛmi, Lithuanian kirmis (modern: kirminas, kirmėlė), Latvian cērme, Albanian krimb/krymb, Irish cruim/, Old Church Slavonic čermnyi, Russian {{term|червь|tr=červ’|lang=ru}}, Welsh pryf, Ossetian kalm, Persian /kirm, Kurdish kurm, Old Prussian girmis
|-
| {{termxrecons|wr̥mi-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[worm]]|| Gothic waurms, English wyrm/worm, Old Armenian {{term|որդն|tr=ordn|lang=xcl}}, Latin vermis, Old Church Slavonic vermie, Lithuanian varmas, Welsh gwraint, Ancient Greek rhomos, German wurm/Wurm, Old Norse ormr, Old Prussian wormyan
|}

=== Marine animals ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|dʰǵʰu-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[fish]]|| Lithuanian žuvis, Latvian {{term|zivs|lang=lv}}, Old Armenian {{term|ձուկն|tr=jukn|lang=xcl}}, Ancient Greek ikhthus, Old Prussian suckis
|-
| {{termxrecons|pisḱ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[fish]]|| Latin piscis, Irish íasc/iasc, Gothic fisks, Old Norse fiskr, English fisc/fish, German fisc/Fisch, Russian {{term|пескарь|tr=peskár’|lang=ru}}, Polish piskorz, Welsh pysgodyn, Albanian peshk
|-
| {{termxrecons|laks-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[salmon]]|| Tocharian laks/läks, Old Norse lax, Lithuanian lašiša, Latvian {{term|lasis|lang=lv}}, Russian {{term|лосось|tr=losós’|lang=ru}}, Polish łosoś, German lahs/Lachs, English leax/--, Old Prussian lalasso
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂engwi-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[eel]]|| Latin anguilla, Lithuanian ungurys, German angar/Engerling, Russian {{term|угорь|tr=úgor’|lang=ru}}, Ancient Greek egkhelus, Old Prussian angurgis,Albanian ngjale
|-
| {{termxrecons|ḱon-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[shell]]|| Ancient Greek kogkhos, Latin conguius, Sanskrit śaṅkha
|}

===Birds===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂éwis|lang=ine-pro}} || [[bird]]|| Latin avis, Avestan vīš, Sanskrit vis, Old Armenian {{term|հաւ|tr=haw|lang=xcl}}, Welsh hwyad, Ancient Greek aetos,   oiōn, Lithuanian višta, Latvian vista, Umbrian avif, Irish /aoi
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₃er-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[eagle]]|| German arn/Aar, Old Armenian {{term|որոր|tr=oror|lang=xcl}}, {{term|ուրուր|tr=urur|lang=xcl}}, English earn/erne, Ancient Greek orneon, Russian {{term|орёл|tr=orël|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian erelis, Latvian ērglis, Hittite ḫaran, Polish orzeł, Welsh eryr, Old Norse ari, Gothic ara, Albanian orë orle, Old Prussian arelis, Irish irar/
|-
| {{termxrecons|ḱoro-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[crow]]|| Albanian sorrë, Lithuanian šarka, Ancient Greek koraks, Latin cornīx, Old Church Slavonic soraka, Russian {{term|soroka|tr=soróka|lang=ru}}, Sanskrit śāri, Umbrian curnāco, Pashto kaarghë, Waziri lagëra
|-
| {{termx|worn-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[raven]]|| Lithuanian varnas, Russian {{term|ворона|tr=voróna|lang=ru}}, Tocharian --/wrauña, Pashto wraagh
|-
(contracted; show full)
|-
| {{termx|bel-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[power]], [[strength]]|| Sanskrit bāla, Ancient Greek beltiōn, Latin dēbĭlis, Irish adbal/dibeal, Welsh balch, Russian {{term|большой|tr=bol’šój|lang=ru}}, Kamviri bâlim, Phrygian balaios, Old Church Slavonic boljĭjĭ, [[Low Saxon]] pal
|}

[[Category:Proto-Indo-European appendices|nouns]]
[[Category:Terms derived from Proto-Indo-European|*]]
[[Category:Proto-Indo-European nouns|*]]