Difference between revisions 19283591 and 19283596 on enwiktionary

This is a [[semasiological]] index of Proto-Indo-European nominal stems. See [[Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots]] for an alphabetical list of roots.

===Kinship===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
(contracted; show full)
|-
| {{recons|ḱoro-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[crow]]|| Albanian sorrë, Lithuanian šarka, Ancient Greek koraks, Latin cornīx, Old Church Slavonic soraka, Russian {{term|soroka|tr=soróka|lang=ru}}, Sanskrit śāri, Umbrian curnāco, Pashto kaarghë, Waziri lagëra
|-
| {{
termxrecons|worn-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[raven]]|| Lithuanian varnas, Russian {{term|ворона|tr=voróna|lang=ru}}, Tocharian --/wrauña, Pashto wraagh
|-
| {{termxrecons|trosdos|lang=ine-pro}} || [[thrush]]|| Lithuanian strazdas, Latvian strazds, Russian {{term|дрозд|tr=drozd|lang=ru}}, Old Norse þrǫstr, English þrysce/thrush, German thrōskala/Drossel, Irish truit/truid, Latin turdus, Welsh drudwy, Old Church Slavonic drozgu, Ancient Greek strouthos
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂eneti-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[duck]]|| Lithuanian antis, Latin anas, Sanskrit ātis, Russian {{term|утка|tr=útka|lang=ru}}, German anut/Ente, English ened/--, Old Norse ǫnd, Old Prussian antis, Ancient Greek nēssa/, Pashto hilëi
|-
| {{termxrecons|ǵʰans-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[goose]]|| Ancient Greek khēn, Sanskrit haṃsa, Latin ānser, Irish géiss/, English gōs/goose, Russian {{term|гусь|tr=gus’|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian žąsis (earlier variant: žansis), Latvian zoss, German gans/Gans, Old Prussian sansy, Gothic gansus, Old Norse gás, Avestan zā, Polish gęś, Persian /ġāz
|-
| {{termxrecons|teter-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[grouse]]|| Russian {{term|тетерев|tr=téterev|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian teterva, Latvian teteris, Sanskrit tittira, Ancient Greek tetraōn, Irish tethra/, Old Norse þiðurr, Old Armenian {{term|տատրակ|tr=tatrak|lang=xcl}}, Old Prussian tatarwis, Persian /tadarv
|-
| {{termxrecons|spergʷʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[sparrow]]|| German sperk/sperling, English spearwa/sparrow, Gothic sparwa, Old Norse spǫrr, Tocharian ṣpār/ṣpāra-, Ancient Greek sparasion, Latin parra, Old Prussian spurglis, Persian /parasto, Umbrian parfam, Irish serriach/
|-
| {{termxrecons|ger-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[crane]]|| Kurdish quling, Ancient Greek geranos, Latin grūs, Old Armenian {{term|կռունկ|tr=kṙunk|lang=xcl}}, German krano/Kranich, English cran/crane, Lithuanian gervė, Latvian dzerwe, Old Prussian gerwe, Russian {{term|журавль|tr=žurávl’|lang=ru}}, Welsh garan, Old Norse trana, Pashto zaaṇëi,Albanian curan
|-
| {{termxrecons|nisdós|lang=ine-pro}} || [[nest]]|| Russian {{term|гнездо|tr=gnezdó|lang=ru}}, English nest/nest, Old Armenian {{term|նիստ|tr=nist|lang=xcl}}, Latin nīdus, Sanskrit nidas, Irish net/net, German nest/Nest, Polish gniazdo, Old Church Slavonic gnĕzdo, Welsh nyth, Lithuanian lizdas, Pashto dzaala/mandzola
|}

=== Land animals ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₁eǵʰi-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[hedgehog]]|| Russian {{term|ёж|tr=ëž|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian ežys, Latvian ezis, Phrygian eksis, Ancient Greek ekhinos, German igil/Igel, Old Armenian {{term|ոզնի|tr=ozni|lang=xcl}}, English igil/--, Old Norse ígul, Kurdish jûjî, Ossetian wyzyn, Polish jeż, Phrygian eksis, Albanian esh, Pashto zižgai
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₁epero-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[boar]]|| Kurdish beraz, Lithuanian Vepriai, Latvian vepris, German ebur/Eber, English eofor/--, Latin aper; vepres, Russian {{term|вепрь|tr=vepr’|lang=ru}}, Sanskrit vapati, Umbrian apruf, Old Prussian Weppren, Thracian ebros, Old Norse jǫfurr
|-
| {{termxrecons|gʰelōw-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[tortoise]]|| Ancient Greek khelōnē, Kurdish kisel, Old Church Slavonic želŭvĭ, Russian {{term|желвь|tr=želv’|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian želvė, Polish żółw
|-
| {{termxrecons|ǵʰwer-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[beast]]|| Old Church Slavonic zvĕrĭ, Russian {{term|зверь|tr=zver’|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian žvėris, Latvian zvērs, Latin ferus, Ancient Greek thēr, Polish zwierzę, Old Prussian swīrins, Tocharian śaru/śerwe, Pashto tsaarwai 
|-
| {{termxrecons|léwks|lang=ine-pro}} || [[lynx]]|| Ancient Greek lugks, Lithuanian lūšis, Latvian lusis, Old Prussian luysis, German luhs/Luchs, English lox/--, Russian {{term|рысь|tr=rys’|lang=ru}}, Old Armenian {{term|լուսանունք|tr=lusanunkʿ|lang=xcl}}, Irish lug/
|-
| {{termxrecons|muHs-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[mouse]]|| Sanskrit mūṣ, Avestan mus, Latin mūs, Ancient Greek mūs, Russian {{term|мышь|tr=myš’|lang=ru}}, Old Armenian {{term|մուկն|tr=mukn|lang=xcl}}, Albanian mi, German mus/Maus, English mūs/mouse, Kamviri musa, Persian /muš, Old Norse mús, Polish mysz, Kurdish mişk, Old Church Slavonic mŭšĭ, Lithuanian musė ("a fly"), Pashto mužak/mugak
|-
| {{termxrecons|neHtr-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[snake]]|| Latin natrix, English nǣddre/adder, German natara/Natter, Welsh neidr, Gothic nadrs, Old Norse naðr, Irish nathir/nathair, Pashto nattëka
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂ŕ̥tḱos|lang=ine-pro}} || [[bear]]|| Ancient Greek arktos, Latin ursus, Sanskrit ṛkṣa, Persian /xers, Old Armenian {{term|արջ|tr=arǰ|lang=xcl}}, Gaulish Artos, Albanian ari, Kamviri ic, Ossetian ærs, Welsh arth, Avestan aršam, Kurdish hirç, Hittite ḫartagga, Pashto iž/ig
|-
| {{termxrecons|(s)tawros|lang=ine-pro}} || [[bison]]|| Avestan staora, Gothic stiur, Lithuanian tauras, Latvian tauriņš, Ancient Greek tauros, Latin taurus, Gaulish Tarbos, Old Church Slavonic turu, Russian {{term|тур|tr=tur|lang=ru}}, English steor/steer, German stior/Stier, Old Prussian tauris, Welsh tarw, Old Norse stjórr, Oscan turuf, Albanian taroç tauk, Irish tarb/
|-
| {{termxrecons|udr-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[otter]]|| Sanskrit udra, Avestan udra, ūdra/udris, Lithuanian ūdra, Russian {{term|выдра|tr=výdra|lang=ru}}, Ancient Greek hudros, English oter/otter, German ottar/Otter, Old Norse otr, Latin lutra, Irish /odar; uydr/; odoirne/, Polish wydra, Old Church Slavonic vydra, Ossetian wyrd/,Albanian lundra
|-
| {{termxrecons|wayl-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[wolf]]|| Old Armenian {{term|գայլ|tr=gayl|lang=xcl}}, Irish fáel/faol
|-
| {{termxrecons|wewer-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[squirrel]]|| Latin vīverra, Welsh gwywer, Russian {{term|веверица|tr=véverica|lang=ru}}, Lithuanian voverė, Latvian vāvere, Persian /varvarah, Old Norse íkorni, German eihhurno/Eichhorn, English ācweorna/--, Polish wiewiórka, Old Prussian weware
|-
| {{termxrecons|wĺ̥kʷos|lang=ine-pro}} || [[wolf]]|| Lithuanian vilkas, Latvian vilks, English wulf/wolf, Gaulish vail, Latin lupus, German wolf/Wolf, Ancient Greek lukos, Albanian ujk;ulk, Sanskrit vṛka, Avestan vehrka-, Tocharian --/walkwe, Persian varka/gorg, Old Prussian wilkis, Gothic wulfs, Old Norse úlfr, Old Church Slavonic vlĭkŭ, Russian {{term|волк|tr=volk|lang=ru}}, Polish wilk, Kurdish/Zazaki gurg/verg, Luwian walwa, Welsh gweilgi, Pashto lewë
|-
| {{termxrecons|wl̥peh₁-|lang=ine-pro}} || fox || Avestan urupis, Kurdish rovî, Persian /rōbāh, Old Armenian {{term|աղուէս|tr=ałuēs|lang=xcl}}, Ancient Greek alōpēks, Latin vulpis, Lithuanian lapė, Latvian lapsa 
|}

=== Domestic animals ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px; background-color: #f7f8ff"
|- style="background-color: #e6e9ff"
! style="width: 15em" | Root !! style="width: 15em" | Meaning !! Derivatives
|-
| {{termxrecons|ḱwṓ|lang=ine-pro}} || [[dog]]|| Ancient Greek kuōn/, Old Armenian {{term|շուն|tr=šun|lang=xcl}}, Phrygian kunes, Tocharian ku/ku, Gaulish cuna, Latin canis, English hund/hound, Russian {{term|сука|tr=súka|lang=ru}}, German hunt/Hund, Kashmiri hūn, Lithuanian šuo (sing. accusative: šunį), Latvian suns, Old Prussian sunis, Thracian dinu-, Gothic hunds, Old Norse hundr, Welsh ci, Irish cū/cú, Hittite śuwanis, Lydian kan-, [[Dacian]] kinu-, Albanian shakë, qen,qan, Persian /sag, Sanskrit śvan, Avestan spā, Pashto spai, Ormuri spëk
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₁éḱwos|lang=ine-pro}} || [[horse]]|| Latin equus, Tocharian yuk/yakwe, Gaulish epos, Ancient Greek hippos, Sanskrit aśva, Avestan asva-, Lithuanian ašva, Old Prussian aswinan, Kamviri ušpa, English eoh/--, German ehwaz/--, Gothic aiƕtundi, Old Norse iór, Kurdish hesp, Hittite aśuwas, Old Armenian {{term|էշ|tr=ēš|lang=xcl}}, Welsh ebol, Irish ech/each, Thracian esvas, Lycian esbe-, Luwian'' {{term|sc=Xsux|𒊍𒍪𒉿𒀸|tr=azzuwas|lang=xlu}}, ''Phrygian es', Persian aspa/asb, Ossetian jæfs/æfsæ, Venetic ekvon, Pashto aas
|-
| {{termxrecons|marko-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[horse]]|| Gaulish markan, Irish marc/marcach, Welsh march, English mere/mare, German marah/Mähre, Old Norse marr
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂eǵʰ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[plough]] [[animal]]|| Old Armenian {{term|եզն|tr=ezn|lang=xcl}}, Irish ag/agh, Welsh ewig, Sanskrit ahī, Avestan azī
|-
| {{termxrecons|gʷṓws|lang=ine-pro}} || [[cow]]/[[bull]]|| Sanskrit gaus, Avestan gáus, Latvian govs, Russian {{term|говядо|tr=govjádo|lang=ru}}, Tocharian ko/keŭ, Old Armenian {{term|կով|tr=kov|lang=xcl}}, English cū/cow,Albanian kau;bull, Umbrian bum, Ancient Greek bous, Irish bó/bó, Welsh buw, German kuo/Kuh, Kamviri go, Kashmiri gāv, Persian --/gāv, Oscan buv-, Old Norse kú, Ossetian gal/ Thracian bonassos, Pashto ghwa/ghoyai, Kurdish ga
|-
| {{termxrecons|leh₃p-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[cow]]|| Albanian lopë, Irish lāeg, Welsh llo
|-
| {{termxrecons|uksin-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[ox]], [[bull]]|| English oxa/ox, German ohso/Ochse, Gothic auhsa, ''Gothic ych(?),'' Old Norse oxi,  Sanskrit ukṣan, Avestan uxšan
|-
| {{termxrecons|su-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[swine]]|| Latin sūs, English sū/sow, Latvian sivēns, Russian {{term|свин|tr=svin|lang=ru}}, Sanskrit sūkara, Albanian thi, Ancient Greek hus, German sū/Sau, Tocharian --/suwo, Irish socc/, Welsh hwch, Polish świnia, Umbrian sif, Old Norse sýr, Gothic swein, Avestan hū
|-
| {{termxrecons|porḱo-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[farrow]]|| Ancient Greek porkos, Latin porcus, Lithuanian paršas, Old Prussian parstian, Russian {{term|порося|tr=porosjá|lang=ru}}, English fearh/farrow, Irish orc/, German farah/Ferkel, Umbrian purka, [[Kurdish]] purs, [[Saka]] pāsa, Gaulish orko
|-
| {{termxrecons|h₂eǵ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[goat]]|| Sanskrit aja, Persian /azg, Lithuanian ožys, Latvian āzis, Irish ag/agh, Old Church Slavonic jazno, Russian {{term|язь|tr=jaz’|lang=ru}}, Old Prussian wosux, Albanian dhi
|-
| {{termx|h₂eyǵ-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[goat]]|| Sanskrit eḍa, Avestan izaēna, Old Armenian {{term|այծ|tr=ayc|lang=xcl}}, Ancient Greek aiks,Albanian kec
|-
(contracted; show full)
|-
| {{termx|bel-|lang=ine-pro}} || [[power]], [[strength]]|| Sanskrit bāla, Ancient Greek beltiōn, Latin dēbĭlis, Irish adbal/dibeal, Welsh balch, Russian {{term|большой|tr=bol’šój|lang=ru}}, Kamviri bâlim, Phrygian balaios, Old Church Slavonic boljĭjĭ, [[Low Saxon]] pal
|}

[[Category:Proto-Indo-European appendices|nouns]]
[[Category:Terms derived from Proto-Indo-European|*]]
[[Category:Proto-Indo-European nouns|*]]