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{{Redirect|Cuộc xâm lược của người Norman|Cuộc xâm lược Norman (định hướng)|các bài viết khác}}
{{Infobox military conflict|conflict=Cuộc xâm lược của người Norman
|image=[[Tập tin:Bayeux Tapestry WillelmDux.jpg|200px]]
|caption=[[Tấm thảm Bayeux]] mô tả [[Trận Hastings]] và các sự kiện dẫn đến nó <br /> [[File:Norman-conquest-1066.svg|230px]]<br /> Địa điểm của các sự kiện lớn trong cuộc chinh phục Anh của người Norman vào năm 1066
|partof=
|date=1066–1088
|place=[[Anh]]
|coordinates=
(contracted; show full)t;>Marren ''1066'' pp. 74–75</ref> Người Anh sau đó đã hành quân vào những kẻ xâm lược và lấy chúng một cách bất ngờ, đánh bại họ trong [[Trận Stamford Bridge]]. Harald của Na Uy và Tostig đã bị giết, và người Na Uy phải chịu những tổn thất khủng khiếp đến nỗi chỉ có 24 trong số 300 tàu ban đầu được yêu cầu mang đi những người sống sót. Chiến thắng của người Anh là tốn kém, tuy nhiên, vì quân đội của Harold bị bỏ lại trong tình trạng bị đánh đập và suy yếu, và cách xa Kênh Anh.
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== Cuộc xâm lược của người Norman ==

=== Chuẩn bị và lực lượng Norman ===
William tập hợp một hạm đội xâm lược lớn và một đội quân tập hợp từ Normandy và khắp nước Pháp, bao gồm các đội quân lớn từ [[Bretagne|Brittany]] và Flanders.<ref name="Bates79">Bates ''William the Conqueror'' pp. 79–89</ref> Anh ta tập hợp lực lượng của mình tại [[Saint-Valery-sur-Somme]] và sẵn sàng vượt qua Kênh vào khoảng ngày 12 tháng 8.<ref name="Douglas192">Douglas ''William the Conqueror'' p. 192</ref>Con số chính xác và thành phần lực lượng của William vẫn chưa được biết.<ref name="Gravett20">Gravett ''Hastings'' pp. 20–21</ref> Một tài liệu hiện đại cho rằng William có 726 tàu, nhưng đây có thể là một con số bị thổi phồng.<ref name="Bennett25">Bennett ''Campaigns of the Norman Conquest'' p. 25</ref> Số liệu được đưa ra bởi các nhà văn đương đại rất phóng đại, dao động từ 14.000 đến 150.000 người.<ref name="Lawson163">Lawson ''Battle of Hastings'' pp. 163–164</ref> Các nhà sử học hiện đại đã đưa ra một loạt các ước tính cho quy mô lực lượng của William: 7000 người8000, 1000 người 2000 kỵ binh; 10.000 người 12.00012.000 người;<ref name="Lawson163" /> 10.000 người, 3000 kỵ binh;<ref name="Marren89">Marren ''1066'' pp. 89–90</ref> hoặc 7500 nam giới.<ref name="Gravett20" /> Quân đội sẽ bao gồm một đội kỵ binh, bộ binh, và cung thủ hoặc nỏ, với số lượng kỵ binh và cung thủ tương đương với số lượng binh sĩ tương đương với hai loại khác cộng lại.<ref name="Gravett27">Gravett ''Hastings'' p. 27</ref> Mặc dù các danh sách đồng hành sau này của William Kẻ Chinh phạt vẫn còn tồn tại, hầu hết đều được thêm vào các tên phụ; chỉ có khoảng 35 cá nhân có thể được tuyên bố là đáng tin cậy khi ở cùng với William tại Hastings.<ref name="Gravett20" /><ref name="Marren108">Marren ''1066'' pp. 108–109</ref>{{efn|Of those 35, 5 are known to have died in the battle&nbsp;– Robert of Vitot, Engenulf of Laigle, Robert fitzErneis, Roger son of Turold, and Taillefer.<ref name=Marren107>Marren ''1066'' pp. 107–108</ref>}}

William xứ Poitiers tuyên bố rằng William có được sự đồng ý của [[Giáo hoàng Alexanđê II|Giáo hoàng Alexander II]] cho cuộc xâm lược, được biểu thị bằng một biểu ngữ của giáo hoàng, cùng với sự hỗ trợ ngoại giao từ các nhà cai trị châu Âu khác. Mặc dù Alexander đã chấp thuận cho giáo hoàng về cuộc chinh phạt sau khi nó thành công, nhưng không có nguồn nào khác tuyên bố ủng hộ giáo hoàng trước cuộc xâm lược.{{efn|The [[Bayeux Tapestry]] may possibly depict a papal banner carried by William's forces, but this is not named as such in the tapestry.<ref name=Huscroft120/>}} Quân đội của William tập hợp trong suốt mùa hè trong khi một hạm đội xâm lược ở Normandy được xây dựng. Mặc dù quân đội và hạm đội đã sẵn sàng vào đầu tháng 8, những cơn gió bất lợi đã giữ các con tàu ở Normandy cho đến cuối tháng 9. Có lẽ có những lý do khác cho sự chậm trễ của William, bao gồm các báo cáo tình báo từ Anh tiết lộ rằng lực lượng của Harold đã được triển khai dọc theo bờ biển. William sẽ thích trì hoãn cuộc xâm lược cho đến khi anh ta có thể hạ cánh không bị ngăn cản.<ref name="Huscroft120">Huscroft ''Norman Conquest'' pp. 120–123</ref>

=== Cuộc đổ bộ và diễu hành về phía nam của Harold ===
[[File:BayeuxTapestryScene39.jpg|liên_kết=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BayeuxTapestryScene39.jpg|trái|nhỏ|Hạ cánh ở Anh trong cảnh từ thảm Bayeux, mô tả các tàu đến và hạ cánh ngựa]]
The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold's victory over the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge on 25 September, following the dispersal of Harold's naval force. They landed at [[:en:Pevensey|Pevensey]] in [[:en:Sussex|Sussex]] on 28 September and erected a wooden castle at [[:en:Hastings|Hastings]], from which they raided the surrounding area.<ref name="Bates79" /> This ensured supplies for the army, and as Harold and his family held many of the lands in the area, it weakened William's opponent and made him more likely to attack to put an end to the raiding.<ref name="Marren98">Marren ''1066'' p. 98</ref>

Harold, after defeating his brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada in the north, left much of his force there, including Morcar and Edwin, and marched the rest of his army south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion.<ref name="Carpenter72">Carpenter ''Struggle for Mastery'' p. 72</ref> It is unclear when Harold learned of William's landing, but it was probably while he was travelling south. Harold stopped in London for about a week before reaching Hastings, so it is likely that he took a second week to march south, averaging about {{convert|27|mi|km|abbr=off}} per day,<ref name="Marren93">Marren ''1066'' p. 93</ref> for the nearly {{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=off}} to London.<ref name="Huscroft124">Huscroft ''Norman Conquest'' p. 124</ref> Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans, William's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke. The exact events preceding the battle remain obscure, with contradictory accounts in the sources, but all agree that William led his army from his castle and advanced towards the enemy.<ref name="Lawson180">Lawson ''Battle of Hastings'' pp. 180–182</ref> Harold had taken up a defensive position at the top of Senlac Hill (present-day [[:en:Battle,_East_Sussex|Battle, East Sussex]]), about {{convert|6|mi|km|abbr=off|sigfig=1}} from William's castle at Hastings.<ref name="Marren99">Marren ''1066'' pp. 99–100</ref>

Contemporary sources do not give reliable data on the size and composition of Harold's army, although two Norman sources give figures of 1.2&nbsp;million or 400,000 men.<ref name="Lawson128">Lawson ''Battle of Hastings'' p. 128</ref> Recent historians have suggested figures of between 5000 and 13,000 for Harold's army at Hastings,<ref name="Lawson130">Lawson ''Battle of Hastings'' pp. 130–133</ref> but most agree on a range of between 7000 and 8000 English troops.<ref name="Gravett28">Gravett ''Hastings'' pp. 28–34</ref><ref name="Marren105">Marren ''1066'' p. 105</ref> These men would have comprised a mix of the ''[[:en:Fyrd|fyrd]]'' (militia mainly composed of foot soldiers) and the ''[[:en:Housecarls|housecarls]]'', or nobleman's personal troops, who usually also fought on foot. The main difference between the two types was in their armour; the ''housecarls'' used better protecting armour than that of the ''fyrd''. The English army does not appear to have had many archers, although some were present.<ref name="Gravett28" /> The identities of few of the Englishmen at Hastings are known; the most important were Harold's brothers [[:en:Gyrth|Gyrth]] and [[:en:Leofwine_Godwinson|Leofwine]].<ref name="Gravett20" /> About 18 other named individuals can reasonably be assumed to have fought with Harold at Hastings, including two other relatives.{{efn|Of these named persons, eight died in the battle&nbsp;– Harold, Gyrth, Leofwine, Godric the sheriff, Thurkill of Berkshire, Breme, and someone known only as "son of Helloc".<ref name=Marren107/>}}

=== Trận Hastings ===
{{Main|Trận Hastings}}
[[File:Bayeuxtapestrydeathofharold.jpg|liên_kết=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayeuxtapestrydeathofharold.jpg|phải|nhỏ|Likely depiction of Harold's death from the Bayeux Tapestry]]
The battle began at about 9&nbsp;am on 14 October 1066 and lasted all day, but while a broad outline is known, the exact events are obscured by contradictory accounts in the sources.<ref name="Huscroft126">Huscroft ''Norman Conquest'' p. 126</ref> Although the numbers on each side were probably about equal, William had both cavalry and infantry, including many archers, while Harold had only foot soldiers and few archers.<ref name="Carpenter73">Carpenter ''Struggle for Mastery'' p. 73</ref> The English soldiers formed up as a [[:en:Shield_wall|shield wall]] along the ridge, and were at first so effective that William's army was thrown back with heavy casualties. Some of William's Breton troops panicked and fled, and some of the English troops appear to have pursued the fleeing Bretons. Norman cavalry then attacked and killed the pursuing troops. While the Bretons were fleeing, rumours swept the Norman forces that the duke had been killed, but William rallied his troops. Twice more the Normans made [[:en:Withdrawal_(military)#Feigned_retreat|feigned withdrawals]], tempting the English into pursuit, and allowing the Norman cavalry to attack them repeatedly.<ref name="Huscroft127">Huscroft ''Norman Conquest'' pp. 127–128</ref> The available sources are more confused about events in the afternoon, but it appears that the decisive event was the death of Harold, about which different stories are told. William of Jumieges claimed that Harold was killed by the duke. The [[:en:Bayeux_Tapestry|Bayeux Tapestry]] has been claimed to show Harold's death by an arrow to the eye, but this may be a later reworking of the tapestry to conform to 12th-century stories that Harold had died from an arrow wound to the head.<ref name="Huscroft129">Huscroft ''Norman Conquest'' p. 129</ref> Other sources stated that no one knew how Harold died because the press of battle was so tight around the king that the soldiers could not see who struck the fatal blow.<ref name="Marren137">Marren ''1066'' p. 137</ref> William of Poitiers gives no details at all about Harold's death.<ref name="Gravett77">Gravett ''Hastings'' p. 77</ref>

=== Aftermath of Hastings ===
The day after the battle, Harold's body was identified, either by his armour or marks on his body.{{efn|A 12th-century tradition stated that Harold's face could not be recognised and [[Edith the Fair]], Harold's [[Common-law marriage|common-law wife]], was brought to the battlefield to identify his body from marks that only she knew.<ref name=Gravett80>Gravett ''Hastings'' p. 80</ref>}} The bodies of the English dead, who included some of Harold's brothers and his ''housecarls'', were left on the battlefield,<ref name="Huscroft131">Huscroft ''Norman Conquest'' p. 131</ref> although some were removed by relatives later.<ref name="Gravett81">Gravett ''Hastings'' p. 81</ref> [[:en:Gytha_Thorkelsdóttir|Gytha]], Harold's mother, offered the victorious duke the weight of her son's body in gold for its custody, but her offer was refused. William ordered that Harold's body be thrown into the sea, but whether that took place is unclear.<ref name="Huscroft131" /> Another story relates that Harold was buried at the top of a cliff.<ref name="Marren146">Marren ''1066'' p. 146</ref> [[:en:Waltham_Abbey_(abbey)|Waltham Abbey]], which had been founded by Harold, later claimed that his body had been buried there secretly.<ref name="Huscroft131" /> Later legends claimed that Harold did not die at Hastings, but escaped and became a hermit at Chester.<ref name="Gravett81" />

After his victory at Hastings, William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders, but instead [[:en:Edgar_the_Ætheling|Edgar the Ætheling]]{{efn|Ætheling is the Anglo-Saxon term for a royal prince with some claim to the throne.<ref name=Bennett91>Bennett ''Campaigns of the Norman Conquest'' p. 91</ref>}} was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot, with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar, Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Ealdred, the Archbishop of York.<ref name="Douglas204">Douglas ''William the Conqueror'' pp. 204–205</ref> William therefore advanced, marching around the coast of [[:en:Kent|Kent]] to London. He defeated an English force that [[:en:Burning_of_Southwark|attacked him at Southwark]], but being unable to storm [[:en:London_Bridge|London Bridge]] he sought to reach the capital by a more circuitous route.<ref name="Douglas205">Douglas ''William the Conqueror'' pp. 205–206</ref>

William moved up the [[:en:Thames|Thames]] valley to cross the river at [[:en:Wallingford,_Oxfordshire|Wallingford]], Berkshire; while there he received the submission of Stigand. He then travelled north-east along the [[:en:Chilterns|Chilterns]], before advancing towards London from the north-west, fighting further engagements against forces from the city. Having failed to muster an effective military response, Edgar's leading supporters lost their nerve, and the English leaders surrendered to William at [[:en:Berkhamsted|Berkhamsted]], Hertfordshire. William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred on 25 December 1066, in [[:en:Westminster_Abbey|Westminster Abbey]].<ref name="Douglas205" />{{efn|The coronation was marred when the Norman troops stationed outside the abbey heard the sounds of those inside acclaiming the king and began burning nearby houses, thinking the noises were signs of a riot.<ref name=Gravett84>Gravett ''Hastings'' p. 84</ref>}} The new king attempted to conciliate the remaining English nobility by confirming Morcar, Edwin and [[:en:Waltheof,_Earl_of_Northumbria|Waltheof, the Earl of Northumbria]], in their lands as well as giving some land to Edgar the Ætheling. William remained in England until March 1067, when he returned to Normandy with English prisoners, including Stigand, Morcar, Edwin, Edgar the Ætheling, and Waltheof.<ref name="Huscroft138">Huscroft ''Norman Conquest'' pp. 138–139</ref>

== Kháng chiến của bên Anh ==

=== First rebellions ===
Despite the submission of the English nobles, resistance continued for several years.<ref name="Douglas212">Douglas ''William the Conqueror'' p. 212</ref> William left control of England in the hands of his half-brother [[:en:Bishop_Odo|Odo]] and one of his closest supporters, [[:en:William_fitzOsbern|William fitzOsbern]].<ref name="Huscroft138" /> In 1067 rebels in Kent launched an unsuccessful attack on Dover Castle in combination with [[:en:Eustace_II_of_Boulogne|Eustace II of Boulogne]].<ref name="Douglas212" /> The [[:en:Shropshire|Shropshire]] landowner [[:en:Eadric_the_Wild|Eadric the Wild]],{{efn|Eadric's [[Epithet|by-name]] "the Wild" is relatively common, so despite suggestions that it arose from Eadric's participation in the northern uprisings of 1069, this is not certain.<ref name=EadricDNB>Williams "Eadric the Wild" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref>}} in alliance with the Welsh rulers of [[:en:Gwynedd|Gwynedd]] and [[:en:Powys|Powys]], raised a revolt in western [[:en:Mercia|Mercia]], fighting Norman forces based in [[:en:Hereford|Hereford]].<ref name="Douglas212" /> These events forced William to return to England at the end of 1067.<ref name="Huscroft138" /> In 1068 William [[:en:Siege_of_Exeter_(1068)|besieged rebels in Exeter]], including Harold's mother Gytha, and after suffering heavy losses managed to negotiate the town's surrender.<ref name="Harold186">Walker ''Harold'' pp. 186–190</ref> In May, William's wife [[:en:Matilda_of_Flanders|Matilda]] was crowned queen at Westminster, an important symbol of William's growing international stature.<ref name="Huscroft1402">Huscroft ''Norman Conquest'' pp. 140–141</ref> Later in the year Edwin and Morcar raised a revolt in Mercia with Welsh assistance, while [[:en:Gospatric,_Earl_of_Northumbria|Gospatric]], the newly appointed Earl of Northumbria,{{efn|Gospatric had bought the office from William after the death of [[Copsi]], whom William had appointed in 1067. Copsi was murdered in 1068 by [[Osulf II of Bamburgh|Osulf]], his rival for power in Northumbria.<ref name=Huscroft142>Huscroft ''Norman Conquest'' pp. 142–144</ref>}} led a rising in Northumbria, which had not yet been occupied by the Normans. These rebellions rapidly collapsed as William moved against them, building castles and installing garrisons as he had already done in the south.<ref name="Douglas214">Douglas ''William the Conqueror'' pp. 214–215</ref> Edwin and Morcar again submitted, while Gospatric fled to Scotland, as did Edgar the Ætheling and his family, who may have been involved in these revolts.<ref name="Williams24">Williams ''English and the Norman Conquest'' pp. 24–27</ref> Meanwhile, Harold's sons, who had taken refuge in Ireland, raided [[:en:Somerset|Somerset]], Devon and [[:en:Cornwall|Cornwall]] from the sea.<ref name="Williams20">Williams ''English and the Norman Conquest'' pp. 20–21</ref>

=== Revolts of 1069 ===
[[File:Baile_Hill,_York.JPG|liên_kết=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baile_Hill,_York.JPG|trái|nhỏ|The remains of [[:en:Baile_Hill|Baile Hill]], the second [[:en:Motte-and-bailey_castle|motte-and-bailey castle]] built by William in York]]
Early in 1069 the newly installed Norman Earl of Northumbria, [[:en:Robert_de_Comines|Robert de Comines]], and several hundred soldiers accompanying him were massacred at Durham; the Northumbrian rebellion was joined by Edgar, Gospatric, [[:en:Siward_Barn|Siward Barn]] and other rebels who had taken refuge in Scotland. The castellan of York, Robert fitzRichard, was defeated and killed, and the rebels besieged the Norman castle at York. William hurried north with an army, defeated the rebels outside York and pursued them into the city, massacring the inhabitants and bringing the revolt to an end.<ref name="Williams27">Williams ''English and the Norman Conquest'' pp. 27–34</ref> He built a second castle at York, strengthened Norman forces in Northumbria and then returned south. A subsequent local uprising was crushed by the garrison of York.<ref name="Williams27" /> Harold's sons launched a second raid from Ireland and were defeated in Devon by Norman forces under Count [[:en:Brian_of_Brittany|Brian]], a son of [[:en:Eudes,_Count_of_Penthièvre|Eudes, Count of Penthièvre]].<ref name="Williams35">Williams ''English and the Norman Conquest'' p. 35</ref> In August or September 1069 a large fleet sent by [[:en:Sweyn_II_of_Denmark|Sweyn II of Denmark]] arrived off the coast of England, sparking a new wave of rebellions across the country. After abortive raids in the south, the Danes joined forces with a new Northumbrian uprising, which was also joined by Edgar, Gospatric and the other exiles from Scotland as well as Waltheof. The combined Danish and English forces defeated the Norman garrison at York, seized the castles and took control of Northumbria, although a raid into Lincolnshire led by Edgar was defeated by the Norman garrison of [[:en:Lincoln,_England|Lincoln]].<ref name="Williams35a">Williams ''English and the Norman Conquest'' pp. 35–41</ref>

At the same time resistance flared up again in western Mercia, where the forces of Eadric the Wild, together with his Welsh allies and further rebel forces from [[:en:Cheshire|Cheshire]] and Shropshire, attacked the castle at [[:en:Shrewsbury|Shrewsbury]]. In the south-west, rebels from Devon and Cornwall attacked the Norman garrison at Exeter but were repulsed by the defenders and scattered by a Norman relief force under Count Brian. Other rebels from [[:en:Dorset|Dorset]], Somerset and neighbouring areas besieged [[:en:Montacute_Castle|Montacute Castle]] but were defeated by a Norman army gathered from London, [[:en:Winchester|Winchester]] and [[:en:Salisbury|Salisbury]] under [[:en:Geoffrey_de_Montbray|Geoffrey of Coutances]].<ref name="Williams35a" /> Meanwhile, William attacked the Danes, who had moored for the winter south of the Humber in Lincolnshire, and drove them back to the north bank. Leaving [[:en:Robert_of_Mortain|Robert of Mortain]] in charge of Lincolnshire, he turned west and defeated the Mercian rebels in battle at [[:en:Stafford|Stafford]]. When the Danes attempted to return to Lincolnshire, the Norman forces there again drove them back across the Humber. William advanced into Northumbria, defeating an attempt to block his crossing of the swollen [[:en:River_Aire|River Aire]] at [[:en:Pontefract|Pontefract]]. The Danes fled at his approach, and he occupied York. He bought off the Danes, who agreed to leave England in the spring, and during the winter of 1069–70 his forces systematically devastated Northumbria in the [[:en:Harrying_of_the_North|Harrying of the North]], subduing all resistance.<ref name="Williams35a" /> As a symbol of his renewed authority over the north, William ceremonially wore his crown at York on Christmas Day 1069.

In early 1070, having secured the submission of Waltheof and Gospatric, and driven Edgar and his remaining supporters back to Scotland, William returned to Mercia, where he based himself at Chester and crushed all remaining resistance in the area before returning to the south.<ref name="Williams35a" /> [[:en:Papal_legate|Papal legates]] arrived and at Easter re-crowned William, which would have symbolically reasserted his right to the kingdom. William also oversaw a purge of prelates from the Church, most notably Stigand, who was deposed from Canterbury. The papal legates also imposed [[:en:Penance|penances]] on William and those of his supporters who had taken part in Hastings and the subsequent campaigns.<ref name="Huscroft145">Huscroft ''Norman Conquest'' pp. 145–146</ref> As well as Canterbury, the [[:en:See_of_York|see of York]] had become vacant following the death of Ealdred in September 1069. Both sees were filled by men loyal to William: [[:en:Lanfranc|Lanfranc]], abbot of William's foundation at [[:en:Abbey_of_Saint-Étienne,_Caen|Caen]], received Canterbury while [[:en:Thomas_of_Bayeux|Thomas of Bayeux]], one of William's chaplains, was installed at York. Some other bishoprics and abbeys also received new bishops and abbots and William confiscated some of the wealth of the English monasteries, which had served as repositories for the assets of the native nobles.<ref name="Bennett56">Bennett ''Campaigns of the Norman Conquest'' p. 56</ref>

=== Danish troubles ===
[[File:Coin_king_of_denmark_sven_estridsen.jpg|liên_kết=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_king_of_denmark_sven_estridsen.jpg|phải|nhỏ|Coin of Sweyn II of Denmark]]
In 1070 Sweyn II of Denmark arrived to take personal command of his fleet and renounced the earlier agreement to withdraw, sending troops into [[:en:The_Fens|the Fens]] to join forces with English rebels led by [[:en:Hereward_the_Wake|Hereward the Wake]],{{efn|Although the [[epithet]] "the Wake" has been claimed to be derived from "the wakeful one", the first use of the epithet is from the mid-13th century, and is thus unlikely to have been contemporary.<ref name=HerewardDNB>Roffe "Hereward" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref>}} at that time based on the [[:en:Isle_of_Ely|Isle of Ely]]. Sweyn soon accepted a further payment of [[:en:Danegeld|Danegeld]] from William, and returned home.<ref name="Douglas221">Douglas ''William the Conqueror'' pp. 221–222</ref> After the departure of the Danes the Fenland rebels remained at large, protected by the marshes, and early in 1071 there was a final outbreak of rebel activity in the area. Edwin and Morcar again turned against William, and although Edwin was quickly betrayed and killed, Morcar reached [[:en:Ely,_Cambridgeshire|Ely]], where he and Hereward were joined by exiled rebels who had sailed from Scotland. William arrived with an army and a fleet to finish off this last pocket of resistance. After some costly failures the Normans managed to construct a pontoon to reach the Isle of Ely, defeated the rebels at the bridgehead and stormed the island, marking the effective end of English resistance.<ref name="Williams49">Williams ''English and the Norman Conquest'' pp. 49–57</ref> Morcar was imprisoned for the rest of his life; Hereward was pardoned and had his lands returned to him.<ref name="Huscroft146">Huscroft ''Norman Conquest'' pp. 146–147</ref>

=== Last resistance ===
William faced difficulties in his continental possessions in 1071,<ref name="Douglas225">Douglas ''William the Conqueror'' pp. 225–226</ref> but in 1072 he returned to England and marched north to confront King [[:en:Malcolm_III_of_Scotland|Malcolm III of Scotland]].{{efn|Malcolm, in 1069 or 1070, had married [[Saint Margaret of Scotland|Margaret]], sister of Edgar the Ætheling.<ref name=Huscroft142/>}} This campaign, which included a land army supported by a fleet, resulted in the [[:en:Treaty_of_Abernethy|Treaty of Abernethy]] in which Malcolm expelled Edgar the Ætheling from Scotland and agreed to some degree of subordination to William.<ref name="Huscroft146" /> The exact status of this subordination was unclear&nbsp;– the treaty merely stated that Malcolm became William's man. Whether this meant only for Cumbria and Lothian or for the whole Scottish kingdom was left ambiguous.<ref name="Douglas227">Douglas ''William the Conqueror'' p. 227</ref>

In 1075, during William's absence, [[:en:Ralph_de_Gael|Ralph de Gael]], the [[:en:Earl_of_Norfolk|Earl of Norfolk]], and [[:en:Roger_de_Breteuil,_2nd_Earl_of_Hereford|Roger de Breteuil]] the [[:en:Earl_of_Hereford|Earl of Hereford]], conspired to overthrow him in the [[:en:Revolt_of_the_Earls|Revolt of the Earls]].<ref name="Douglas231">Douglas ''William the Conqueror'' pp. 231–233</ref> The exact reason for the rebellion is unclear, but it was launched at the wedding of Ralph to a relative of Roger's, held at [[:en:Exning|Exning]]. Another earl, Waltheof, despite being one of William's favourites, was also involved, and some Breton lords were ready to offer support. Ralph also requested Danish aid. William remained in Normandy while his men in England subdued the revolt. Roger was unable to leave his stronghold in Herefordshire because of efforts by [[:en:Wulfstan_(died_1095)|Wulfstan]], the [[:en:Bishop_of_Worcester|Bishop of Worcester]], and [[:en:Æthelwig|Æthelwig]], the [[:en:Abbot_of_Evesham|Abbot of Evesham]]. Ralph was bottled up in [[:en:Norwich_Castle|Norwich Castle]] by the combined efforts of Odo of Bayeux, Geoffrey of Coutances, [[:en:Richard_fitz_Gilbert|Richard fitzGilbert]], and [[:en:William_de_Warenne,_1st_Earl_of_Surrey|William de Warenne]]. Norwich was besieged and surrendered, and Ralph went into exile. Meanwhile, the Danish king's brother, [[:en:Canute_IV_of_Denmark|Cnut]], had finally arrived in England with a fleet of 200 ships, but he was too late as Norwich had already surrendered. The Danes then raided along the coast before returning home.<ref name="Douglas231" /> William did not return to England until later in 1075, to deal with the Danish threat and the aftermath of the rebellion, celebrating Christmas at Winchester.<ref name="Bates181">Bates ''William the Conqueror'' pp. 181–182</ref> Roger and Waltheof were kept in prison, where Waltheof was executed in May 1076. By that time William had returned to the continent, where Ralph was continuing the rebellion from Brittany.<ref name="Douglas231" />

== Kiểm soát nước Anh ==
[[File:Londres_297..jpg|liên_kết=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Londres_297..jpg|trái|nhỏ|The [[:en:Tower_of_London|Tower of London]], originally begun by William the Conqueror to control London<ref name="Douglas216">Douglas ''William the Conqueror'' p. 216 and footnote 4</ref>]]
(contracted; show full)* [http://www.essentialnormanconquest.com Essential Norman Conquest]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/background_01.shtml Normans – a background to the Conquest]
* [http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/bayeux.htm The Invasion of England, 1066]

[[Thể loại:Trung kỳ Trung Cổ]]
[[Thể loại:1066 tại Anh]]
[[Thể loại:Xung đột thập niên 1060]]
{{các chủ đề|Quân sự|Lịch sử|Anh}}